Foundational Psychology and Psychiatry

Question: Discuss about the Foundational Psychology and Psychiatry. Answer: Introduction The learning process in children differs on the basis of their age and development at that age. Child development is the process of emotional, physical, intellectual and social development as they grow up. The early years of a childs life are most critical to shape their intellectual development and thought pattern (Campbell et al., 2014). Learning at this stage has a direct impact on the minds of children and it is important for primary teachers to plan teaching strategies based on developmental needs of children at different stage of life (Charlesworth, 2013). With this context, the main purpose of this report is to analyze the case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher in Singapore who is facing problem in managing children between 10-12 years in class and she wants to modify their behavior in class so that they engage in their class lessons and homework. The report analyzes the scenario by means of operant conditioning and proposes possible intervention to bring behavioral c hange in children. The thesis statement for the report is research on children between 10-12 years in Singapore and determining the suitability of the Operant Conditioning as an approach to behavioral change in this classroom. Evaluation of the scenario The report is on the case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher teaching Primary 5 students. Since she had started teaching, she has observed that the children do not participate in class discussion and often stare blankly at her when she asks them questions. In this situation she is facing challenges in managing the class. The children are inattentive in class and they do not complete their assignment and home work very often. Jane is concerned that this form of lack of participation may defeat the purpose of teaching and therefore she wants to change and modify their behavior. To modify the behavior of this children between 10-12 years of age, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of this children and their typical class room behavior in Singapore. Considering the situation of primary education in Singapore, it can be said that primary schooling in Singapore begins at the age of six. The curriculum for primary education is classified into two stages- The foundation stage- for children in Primary 1 to Primary 4 The orientation stage- for children in primary 5 to 6 In the foundation stage, teachers in Singapore focus on basic learning skill of children such as English and Mathematics. In the orientation stage, the curriculum is decided basis of academic and language ability of children (Leeds.ac.uk 2016).To facilitate better learning and development in children, it is necessary for teachers to understand the class behavior typical of children between 10-12 years. The research on class room behavior of primary school children in Singapore reveals that teachers often face problem in class as children engage in disruptive conversation and its affects their learning in class. Many teachers also revealed that they found disrespecting teachers as the most unacceptable behavior of children. Children in primary class might engage in such behavior in class because they might be finding the lesson boring or their might mind be distracted by some ideas which they share with their classmates in the middle of class (Sun Shek, 2012). However, arguing back w ith teachers refers to the family and cultural values of this children. Teachers also reported observation of behaviors like non-attentiveness, failure in completing assignment and passive engagement in class in this age group. Some children engage in physical or verbal aggression in class, while some display non-verbal communication and eating/drinking in class (Peer Fraser, 2015). Another research tried to find the reason for takes-avoidant behavior and poor academic performance in primary school children. It gave the implication that such behaviorare influenced by developmental dynamics of school children in early years of life (Metspelto et al., 2015). Jane need to identify teaching strategy based on the development and learning needs of a child at this stage. The management of classroom behavior can be done by the use of operant conditioning theory which is based on the idea that a behavior can be modified by means of reward or punishment and it can be controlled by discriminatory stimuli (Henton Iversen, 2012).. In the case scenario of Jane, the lessons in class is the discriminatory stimuli and the behavior of children that needs to be changes is the problem of inattentive behavior and class room engagement in children between 10-12 years. To modify childrens behavior according to positive and negative enforcement, it is necessary to understand the social and cognitive development of children at this stage. Children between 10-12 years of age are at the stage of early adolescence when they are just beginning to cope with hormonal changes and getting influenced by the values and belief of their parents and friends (Edelstein, Keller, Schrder, 2014). According to Piagets theory of child development, the development of children between 10-12 years comes under concrete operational stage. According to Piaget, children in this stage start solving problem on the basis of concrete events. They can engage in inductive reasoning but they struggle in deductive reasoning (Modgil, Modgil, Brown, 2013).Therefore, in case of scenario of Jane, her children in class might be attentive because they may not be able to figure out the logic behind any lesson. Hence, to modify their behavior, Jane can apply operant conditioning technique to encourage positive learning behavior in children. By this approach, Jane can make children attentive in class by positive enforcement like rewards or giving lesson according to the mind set up of children at that stage. Jane can use the following techniques of operant conditioning in the classroom to engage children in class lessons and make them attentive: Use of positive enforcement to modify behavior of children- Children may bored by monotony is the class and their behavior of inattentiveness can be modified by Jane by bringing fun in class by ways of strategies like giving candies to children on right response to answer and appreciation or clap for those students who solves class lesson faster than others. This form of tactics will influence all children and they will automatically pay attention to class to get the rewards and benefits from their teachers. Hence, by means of positive enforcement, the children will repeat good behavior of they are rewarded (Ayers, Gray, 2013). Praising children in class can also act as a means of modifying students behavior and it will encourage other children to continuously improve their learning too. Praise can be given in class by means of clapping or cheering for the children in whole class. While asking any question to children, Jane can encourage children by means of expression like great answer or great effort and then explaining the right answer. By this technique, one child will be influenced by other classmates and they will also try their best to impress their teacher in next class or lesson (Evertson Weinstein, 2013). Use of this positive approach by Jane will helps her to nurture her students in class and facilitate learning development in them. In case of giving rewards, it is also necessary to keep in mind that any rewards should not be repeated. Children in early adolescence get bored from same attractions very soon and teachers should always try to bring some new mode of rewards to sustain the good behavior in children. The type of reward can be changes from time to time such as giving extra play time, stickers, special game tickets, certificate and position of responsibility to children. The frequency and level of awards can be modified by on the basis of severity of behavior in children (Collins Cook, 2016). Use of negative enforcement to eliminate bad behaviors in classroom- Jane can modify the habit of keeping quiet and staring in classroom by issuing sanctions or punishment for such behavior. In that case, children are less likely to repeat such behavior. A consistency between awards and punishment is necessary to sustain change and enable effective learning in children (Vancraeyveldt et al., 2015). However, in case of negative behavior, Jane must ensure that she does not spoil the relationship with children by heating or raising voice on children. The humanistic approach to teaching primary school children is to keep them motivate in class by showing empathy to children and delivering classroom lessons in enthusiastic and fun manner (Shokouhi, Limberg, Armstrong, 2014). In case of children who are still and stare at teacher, Jane can positively bring their attention back to lessons by supportive strategies like standing next to the child while giving instruction or telling the child directly to do any task in front of them. Such children may panic by this approach, however use of friendly attitude and empathetic expression can help the child overcome his or her shyness or anxiety in responding to lessons (Rapport, Kofler, Alderson, 2016). Evaluation of operant conditioning theory From the analysis of teaching strategy recommended for modifying classroom behavior of children between 10-12 years, it can be said that the principle of operant conditioning theory will help Jane to bring behavioral change in the primary 5 students. The use of positive enforcers like rewards, tokens and appreciation will enable effective learning in class by means of participation and engagement of children. There are four context of operant conditioning theory such as the positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment. Positive enforcement is used to bring positive behavior and all other are used to prevent negative behavior in individual. With this approach, children will easily get attracted to lessons and take part in class discussions too. On comparison of all learning and development theories, it can be said that Skinners operant conditioning is based on behaviorism approach while the Piaget and Vygotskys cognitive development theory is based on constructivism approach. The advantage of operant conditioning theory is that use of positive enforcement acts as source to motivate children to adopt good behavior. This theory will be useful in controlling certain behavior in children and promoting their interest in learning (Gazzaniga Heatherton, 2015).On the contrary, Piaget theory believes that development in children does not occur by means of positive and negative reinforcement, but also it is achieved through observation (Scholnick, 2013).Vygotsky explains cognitive development and learning in children is achieved through interaction with knowledgeable and intellectual member in the society (Lantolf et al., 2015). Hence, this concept of operational conditioning theory is different from other theories and it has the ma ximum possibility of modifying change in behavior of children. Kohlbergs theory was an extension of Piagets moral development theory which revealed that moral development in children can occur either negatively or positively through different stages in their life span. This is similar to operant conditioning theory as this theory also deals with behavior on the basis of good or behavior. However, one disadvantage of operant conditioning theory is that this theory is not always good because a child cannot be engaged in positive behavior continuously by means of reward. The reward may extinct after some time and childs good behavior should not always be dependent on rewards. Despite this weakness, operant conditioning technique is beneficial for the case scenario of Jane, because is Jane is willing to modify behavior of those children who have low level of thinking and learning. Use of operant conditioning approach will help such children to move from level of low learning to high thinking pattern and learning. Conclusion The detailed report based on analysis of case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher summarizes the typical classroom behavior observed in children between 10-12 years and how operant conditioning approach can be a useful approach to modify the behavior in classroom. The explanation of techniques that can be used by Jane to encourage participation of children in class revealed that this can be achieved by modifying the teaching style and providing positive enforcers to students (Kaplan Patrick, 2016). The suitability of this theory in relation to the case scenario was accurately discussed by comparison with other development theory. Reference Ayers, H., Gray, F. (2013).Classroom management: a practical approach for primary and secondary teachers. Routledge. Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., Pan, Y. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health.Science,343(6178), 1478-1485. Charlesworth, R. (2013).Understanding child development. Cengage Learning. Collins, L. W., Cook, L. (2016). Never Say Never: The Appropriate and Inappropriate Use of Praise and Feedback for Students with Learning and Behavioral Disabilities. InInstructional Practices with and without Empirical Validity(pp. 153-173). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Edelstein, W., Keller, M., Schrder, E. (2014). Child development and social structure: A longitudinal study of individual differences.Paul B. Baltes/David L. Featherman/Richard M. Lerner: Life-span development and behavior. Bd,10, 151-185. Evertson, C. M., Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues. Routledge. Gazzaniga, M., Heatherton, T. (2015).Psychological Science: Fifth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Henton, W. W., Iversen, I. H. (2012).Classical conditioning and operant conditioning: A response pattern analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Kaplan, A., Patrick, H. (2016). Learning Environments and Motivation.Handbook of Motivation at School, 251. Lantolf, J. P., Thorne, S. L., Poehner, M. E. (2015). Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 207-226. Leeds.ac.uk. (2016).A Survey of Classroom Practices in Singapore - Preliminary Findings. [online] Available at: https://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/000000327.htm [Accessed 22 Dec. 2016]. Metspelto, R. L., Pakarinen, E., Kiuru, N., Poikkeus, A. M., Lerkkanen, M. K., Nurmi, J. E. (2015). Developmental dynamics between childrens externalizing problems, task-avoidant behavior, and academic performance in early school years: A 4-year follow-up.Journal of Educational Psychology,107(1), 246. Modgil, S., Modgil, C., Brown, G. (Eds.). (2013).Jean Piaget. Routledge. Peer, J., Fraser, B. J. (2015). Sex, grade-level and stream differences in learning environment and attitudes to science in Singapore primary schools.Learning Environments Research,18(1), 143-161. Rapport, M., Kofler, M., Alderson, R. (2016). Quantifying ADHD classroom inattentiveness, its moderators, and variability.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines,49(1). Scholnick, E. K. (Ed.). (2013).New trends in conceptual representation: Challenges to Piaget's theory. Psychology Press. Shokouhi, A. M., Limberg, D., Armstrong, S. A. (2014). Counseling preadolescents: Utilizing developmental cues to guide therapeutic approaches.International Journal of Play Therapy,23(4), 217. Sun, R. C., Shek, D. T. (2012). Student classroom misbehavior: an exploratory study based on teachers' perceptions.The Scientific World Journal,2012. Vancraeyveldt, C., Verschueren, K., Wouters, S., Van Craeyevelt, S., Van den Noortgate, W., Colpin, H. (2015). Improving teacher-child relationship quality and teacher-rated behavioral adjustment amongst externalizing preschoolers: Effects of a two-component intervention.Journal of abnormal child psychology,43(2), 243-257.

Odyssey Themes Essay Example For Students

Odyssey Themes Essay When Homer wove the characters of The Odyssey into a story, he undoubtedly leftroom for interpretation of their actions. The characters, most of whom aredynamic, colorful, and three dimensional, are used by Homer to give a fun buttruthful commentary on the Ancient Greeks and their way of life. The actions ofone figure, the man-eating monster named Skylla, are particularly interestingwhen viewed in the context of the rest of the story. Though her contribution tothe plot is minor, Skyllas actions are important in that they arecharacteristic of several themes found throughout the poem. These themes includethe role of the female in Odysseuss struggle, the hunger (figuratively andliterally) of the characters in The Odyssey, and the commentary Homer makes onthe individuals who live lawlessly. In The Odyssey, Homer introduces many femalecharacters; some play significant roles, some are in the background. Regardlessof their importance, distinctions can be made as to their roles in the story: that is, some put forth effort to help Odysseus and the other menArete,Athena, Nausikaa, and Eurykleia are examplesand others (whom he encounters onhis voyages home) lead to the delay or destruction of them. Skylla plays therole of the latter, as do Kalypso, Kirke, and the Seirenes. Although none ofthese women actually harm Odysseus, each poses a deadly threat to him on hisvoyage. Odysseuss experience with Skylla is by far the most deadly anddisturbing. Whereas the other women succeed only in enticing and delaying thecrew, the encounter with Skylla has lethal consequences. Even though he decidesto take the sea route that passes near her lair, it seeming to be the leastdangerous of the three options, he wants nothing to do with the monster. Yet,instead of passing unscathed, six of his men are taken (XII, 294-7) as the boatsails through the channel. Homer uses an epic simile to help the readervisualize the macabre scene. He compares Skylla to a fisherman who willhook a fish and rip it from the surface / to dangle wriggling through theair (XII, 303-4). The crewmen are the fish, of course, and seem helplessas Skylla whisks them from the ship. Describing the attack, Odysseus says,and deathly pity ran me through / at that sightfar the worst I eversuffered, / questing the passes of the strange sea (308-10). It seems thathe realizes that the losses were his responsibility and that he too could easilyhave been a victim of Skyllas wrath. Earlier in the story (Book V) we see thatCalypso poses a similar, though not as deadly, threat to Odysseuss homecoming. Instead of literally grabbing for him as Skylla does, Kalypso tries to retainOdysseus by enticing him with the prospect of immortality and a life with abeautiful goddess. We are also told she has cast spells (198) on himto keep him docile and under her power. Kalypso says to Zeus, I fed him,loved him, sang that he should not die / nor grow old, ever, in all the days tocome (142-4). Despite her efforts and hospitality, Odysseus still longsfor home as he sits each day by the rocky shore with eyes wet scanning thebare horizon of the sea (165-6). He is quite happy when the day comes thathe is set free by Zeuss will. Without Zeuss intervention, Odysseus would havebeen kept indefinitely. Book X, which contains the introduction of Kirke,provides another example of near fatal attraction. This time it is not amonstrous woman or an overly hospitable nymph that brings them near theirdownfall, but an immortal who entrances her visitors so that they forget theirmotives. Whether or not Kirke inten ded to eat Odysseuss men, as Skylla does,after she turned them to swine we do not know, though it is certainly apossibility. What is known is their flawthey are men who fall prey to thedesires of women. This fact is admitted twice by Odysseus in lines 440 and 503and is the reason they end up feasting long / on roasts and wine, until ayear grew fat (504-5). Only after Odysseus is reminded of his homelanddoes he go to Kirke and plead for their release, to which she agrees. A point tomake is that in both cases, with Kalypso and Kirke, Odysseus plays the role ofthe mortal lover who has little resistance; and in all three cases, the femalescause only pain or delay. As already mentioned, six of Odysseuss men were takenby Skylla as their ship passed through the channel. The incident seemsparticularly gruesome as Odysseus recalls it for King Alkinoos: Then Skylla madeher strike, whisking six of my best men from the ship. I happened to glance aftat ship and oarsmen and caught sight of their arms and legs, dangling highoverhead. .She ate them as they shrieked there, in her den, in the diregrapple, reaching still for me- (XII, 294-307) In another description, Kirkesays that she is a horrible monster who hunts for dolphins, dogfish, orwhat bigger game and that Amphitrite feeds in thousands (XII,103-4). What a murderous appetite! Without a doubt Skylla would have whisked sixmore men away had she the opportunity. Though the action with Skylla isseemingly short, it is significant in that it reflects a quality found in malecharacters throughout the poema gluttonous appetite. Whether it is formaterial items or food, this is an attribute that many of the men in The Odysseypossess. Three examples of men who have great hunger for wealth and materialitems are King Alkinoos, King Menelaos, and Odysseus. All three have impressivepalaces filled with beautiful decor. Odysseus describes the palace at Phaiakiain Book VII, lines 85-140 as being breathtaking. The palace has highrooms whic h are airy and luminous, and the posts andlintel / were silver upon silver; golden handles curved on thedoors. Telemachus describes Menelaos home in a similar fashion in BookIV. He says how luminous it is / with bronze, gold, amber, silver, andivory! / This is the way the court of Zeus must be (74-7). Odysseussdesire for material wealth is reflected in his enormous estate, which is largeenough to support a large number (100+) of suitors helping themselves for years. wordsworth EssayBibliographyHomer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. 1961. Ed. Maynard Mack. NewYork: W.W. Norton Company, 1995. 219-503

The Process of Information System in Apple

Introduction Information Systems is a crucial component of many organizations. It is notable that information and communication within the corporate company remains an important aspect of its success. In addition, lack of information communication may present challenges to the decision makers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Process of Information System in Apple specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apple is a technology-based organization with a global presence. Its activities include product development, production, assembling, selling, and supply chain management. However, Apple’s research and development has enabled it to retain the market leadership in innovation. Company Background Three people founded Apple as an incorporated company in April 1976. They included â€Å"Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne† (Linzmayer 5). The company started with little financial investment that hindered its ability to compete effectively with other firms that were already large market players. The company managed to set up a new headquarter in California. The company’s original Apple II product had become the source of success since 1970. The product remained common with clients and enabled the company to develop its original customer base (Linzmayer 8). The company’s expansion has been unprecedented since then. It started selling computers in the international marketplace. The role that Steve Jobs played in research and development was critical for the generation of highly innovative and exciting products. The company grappled with operational and management challenges that were associated with communication within and outside environment (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). Analysts have argued that the entry of new investors presented challenges with clarity in communication. The company focused on products and significantly ignored organizational functioning. The compa ny compartmentalization initiatives were guided by product orientation rather than organizational functioning needs. The company’s core activities are supported through diverse activities such as infrastructure, information systems, management of materials, and human resources (see figure 1) (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). Figure 1: Apple Organizational Structure and Core ActivitiesAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company is highly dynamic in terms of altering the organizational structure to fit with activities. However, the latest organizational structure entails different positions as depicted in the diagram. The corporate structure favors the existence of departmental competencies as opposed to organizational functioning (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). The leadership structure at Apple provides low-level managers with the task of ensuring innovations and directi on in every department. The company also facilitates market leadership in other geographical locations through the creation of mid-level management positions. This helps the firm in enhancing leadership within different geographical locations in order to promote a localized market competitive advantage (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). However, the corporate structure presents challenges to strategic communication. The structure creates a double reporting channel. This takes place through ensuring that organizational functioning matters are reported to corporate directors while operational issues are reported to regional directors (Daft, Jonathan and Hugh 114). Information Systems Management at Apple The corporate structure of Apple that comprise of the global presence and departmental level leadership presents a unique situation. The structure necessitates a type of information systems that can facilitate the distribution of appropriate communication through the right channels and in a timely manner. Furthermore, this is critical to promoting consistent and informed decision making at diverse levels. The right information systems can enhance proper communication. The company has a philosophy of being the leader in marketplace on matters related to innovativeness (Wade, Scott and Yogesh 399). The company also applies the same philosophy in its communication and information transfer. Apple manages its internal communication in a manner that enhances its superiority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Process of Information System in Apple specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has implemented virtual business designs that integrate communication and information management (Hamilton 58). The company has used virtualization as a factor in gaining an edge over competitors. The company has used intranet system that enables workers to gain all information they need at their workstations. Fur thermore, the system allows Apple to interact with external stakeholders such as suppliers (Monczka, 15). The company has created unrestricted information exchange system that virtually links suppliers to the product development team and the retail units. Furthermore, information exchange takes place between the retail unit and the customer service center. It is notable that customer service center are always equipped with information about suppliers and company product range (Monczka, 15). The customer center provides services to clients based on the virtually available information. This strategy has enabled Apple to maintain a value chain information exchange system that links different components on an end-to-end basis. The virtually available information in the company enables the reduction of costs involved in transferring information between the people who need it (Hamilton 58). Furthermore, it saves the time of the company and its staff for everything to do with information e xchange takes place virtually. The implementation of a computing utility system also helps Apple minimize costs because it limits the volume of assets that are used in information exchange (Gitman and Carl 506). The company has ensured a lean and efficient information management strategy. Recommendation The company should constantly work on improving its information security management. The expansion of the company means that the information it manages also escalates. The company’s use of software based information management presents potential challenges associated with hacking. Hacking activities are highly dynamic (Stair and George 30). Hackers can hack into the virtual information management system if it’s not well secured. Apple should focus on creating a robust and insecurity proof systems to enable it secure its information management system.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Daft, Richard L, Jonathan Murphy, and Hugh Willmott. Organization Theory and Design. Andover: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Gitman, Lawrence J, and Carl D. McDaniel. The Future of Business: The Essentials. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western, 2008. Print. Hamilton, Cheryl. Communicating for Results: A Guide for Business and the Professions. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2008. Print. Linzmayer, Owen W. Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Colorful Company. San Francisco, Calif: No Starch Press, 2004. Print. Monczka, Robert M. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. Mason, OH: South-Western, 2009. Print. Stair, Ralph M, and George W. Reynolds. Principles of Information Systems. Australia: Course Technology Cengage Learning, 2012. Print Wade, Michael R, Scott L. Schneberger, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi. Information Systems Theory: Explaining and Predicting Our Digital Society, Vol. 1. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media , LLC, 2012. Print. This essay on The Process of Information System in Apple was written and submitted by user Angelica Pennington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Three Tips For Writing an Opinion Essay

Three Tips For Writing an Opinion EssayA third grade opinion essay can be an essential part of your education. It's a great way to expand your knowledge about the world and the many different things that are going on in it. Students often do this when they are taking a writing or English class. The following three tips will help you write an opinion essay that is much more effective.The first thing that you should do is come up with good questions for yourself. Using questions as the basis for your essay will make sure that your essay is well researched and well thought out. To find good questions, it's best to take some time and read some essays from other students who have written about a topic similar to yours.The second thing that you should do is write down the opinions of other people. You can do this by reading through several different essays from different students who have written about a particular topic. It is important to be able to figure out whether a particular essay will be highly informative or shallow. After all, it is hard to learn anything by just reading the opinions of others.Your third step is to make sure that you include your own opinions and views in your essay. Some students use this strategy for an essay all by themselves, while others combine it with other strategies. Either way, having your own opinions will help it to be interesting and unique. Additionally, if you agree with an opinion and you write it, you won't just copy a phrase; you'll add your own thoughts and feelings about the same issue.In order to write an interesting essay, you need to pay attention to details. Whether it's a first or third grade opinion essay, it is important to make sure that everything is 100% correct. This includes grammar and spelling. Just because your opinion is rich and powerful, doesn't mean that you should leave mistakes in your essay.One way to make a good essay even better is to be more specific in what you're saying. You want to be able to state the precise issues that are important to you, rather than just make general statements about something that interests you. At the same time, you don't want to exaggerate too much either; there are definite boundaries that you should not cross.A third tip for writing an opinion essay is to do some research. As long as you know where to look, you shouldn't have any problems when it comes to information. Find out what your opinions are on the issues and then check them against the facts. Taking time to study and compare can help you understand the reasons behind your opinions better.Writing a third grade opinion essay is easy if you follow the three tips that we discussed above. With just a little practice, you'll soon be writing essays that are better than those written by your peers. All that's left is for you to go out and start writing!

Free sample - Recent research in Mycology. translation missing

Recent research in Mycology. Recent research in MycologyMycology is a branch in Botany that entails the study life and behaviour of fungi.   Mycology also includes the study of fungi-related diseases.   Mycology also puts into account the genetic and biochemical properties of fungi, taxonomy and their economic importance to human beings for instance in medicine (for instance penicillin) and food. A lot of researches related to mycology especially in medical mycology have led to discovery of new medicines that are currently treating diseases that initially had proved resistant to drugs. This paper tries to look into one of the recent researches that involved application of fungi in controlling mosquitoes resistant to insecticides. Based on the fact that malaria is a one of the causes of deaths in Africa and other regions that lie on the tropical regions, various researches have been carried out with the aim of coming up with more effective drugs to fight the malaria parasite. Recent research has shown that the chemical methods can be combined with biological methods to fight malaria parasites.   This is because the mosquitoes responsible for causing malaria are increasingly becoming resistant to chemical intervention. Last year researchers from Wageningen University and research centre after carrying out several researches showed that fungal spores can be effective in killing mosquitoes and can make mosquitoes to be more vulnerable to pesticides.   This research was carried out by Marit Farenhorst with other colleagues from the Entomology research centre in Cotonou, Benin and it involved the use of a wide arrange of fungi-insecticide combinations to test effect of timing and sequence of exposure (Wageninge n University and Research Centre 2010).   The research intended to establish the efficacy of combining fungi spores with insecticides in killing malaria causing mosquitoes in West Africa. From this research titled â€Å"Synergy in Efficacy of Fungal Entomopathogens and Permethrin against West African Insecticide-Resistant Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes†, it was found out that the fungi spores from Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were very effective in killing both wild mosquitoes and laboratory bred ones.   On the efficacy of combining these spores with insecticides, it was found out from this research that the fungal infection on mosquitoes made them more vulnerable to permethrin and also exposure of mosquitoes to permethrin made them more vulnerable to infection by the spores.   In other words the two components produced a reinforced effect that proved effective to mosquitoes that had developed resistance to commonly used insecticides such as Permethrin an d DDT. The effect of combining fungal spores with permethrin proved to be more effective against insecticide resistant far much than expected, something that proved that both the fungi spores and permethrin reinforced each other’s efficacy (Wageningen University and Research Centre 2010).   From this research it was argued that the combination of spores with insecticides has the potential of creating a long term effect as it will be very difficult for mosquitoes to build resistant against agents that are totally distinct. From this research, it was suggested that fungi spores alone can be used a substitute of insecticides in beefing up the fight against malaria in Africa (Wageningen University and Research Centre 2010). There are still many research prospects in this field for instance, more research need to be done on evaluation of methods where mosquitoes will be exposed to both fungi and insecticides in duration of one night. This can be done by for instance employing mosquito nets that are impregnated with spore and also use of fungal sprays in the house. References Wageningen University and Research Centre. "Synergy in Efficacy of Fungal Entomopathogens and Permethrin against West African Insecticide-Resistant Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes

Plz chose one Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plz chose one - Annotated Bibliography Example On the other hand, within the book, the author describes how agriculture and herding had dropped into desertion, trading had stopped, while associations and gatherings to look for solutions were all dissolved. The author is a graduate and an experience individual with a number of studies in various aspects of gastronomy. The book is thus, essential for this study as it has exhaustive information with room for further research. The book is also a legalized and is accessible online as well as in all public libraries. In this article, the author Levi Joseph has gone deep into the Chinese culture to understand there values and life aspects. He, however, found that every part in China naturally developed a unique cooking style, which mirrored its climate, topography, flora, and fauna, the people’s mood and their associations with others. He established that the Filhos de Macau community love food mainly their own cuisine as well as those from different Chinese province. Cantonese and Portuguese are two communities whose food and culture resembles those of the Chinese, where they have even used some common names to refer to different food products. The article also dealt mainly on Macau food, which the community uses them as cultural referent and confirmation of their presences. The article is conclusive in culture, food, and people’s preferences; hence, it is an informative article used by anyone interested in gastronomy. The author is well versed with this areas and he is still carry ing out other researches in the area. This article is an influence to the present discussion on enlarged understanding of hospitality as well as its determination as a robust academic field. According to the author Scarpato, several scholars have currently claimed that both the present study agenda alongside the educational curriculum must be focused on fresh theoretical outline, not limited to the economic statement of hospitality. The article

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S Essay

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S - Essay Example Although great achievements have been made with regards women's rights, equality and representation in the past decades, the number of legislators and women in the cabinet still comprise of a few female elites. Only sixteen percent of women hold seats in the Congress and five females serve in President Bush's cabinet (Wolbrecht 1-10). In recent years, two women served as Secretary of State and another one will be serving with the President-elect once he assumes office. Another great stride for women is when Nancy Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House just recently. However, during the last election, the number of women seeking office for state legislatures faced a decline as compared to the previous elections and membership of women in national groups that could enhance their political influence also dropped in number.1 This is interesting to note as research have shown that the lower level of nominations and elections in the past contributed to the dearth of women in politics. How ever, this does not mean that women are disadvantaged in experience or sources of fund (Gaddie and Bullock, 761). On the contrary, women who sought office fared equally well with males in terms of financial ability. Gaddie and Bullock also asserts that the decline in the number of seats in crucial and elite positions in politics can be attributed to the dismal percentage of nominees among republicans (761). What is striking is that women who held more experience have a high probability of getting elected whereas voters pick men who are less experienced than women with less experience (Gaddie and Bullock 97). Nevertheless, women are still hesitant to run for office (Dolan in Wolbrecht 1-10). This only illustrates, that for women to achieve equal representation in the elite political circles, more women should run for office and gain further experience. In addition, there are factors that hinder women from achieving equal power and representation in contemporary political life. Although politics held a significance place for women before their enfranchisement, the realization of women's suffrage came after nearly a century of struggle. Yet this lengthy struggle only brought forth gender equality and equal citizenship but not equal representation and power in politics. (Wolbrecht, 6). Moreover, although women serve in different areas of politics, especially in legislature where their chances of increasing influence is considerable, this service is not matched by an increase in authority and power as they are thwarted by party affiliations, committees and caucuses (Reingold 33). Even Hillary Clinton, the most elite of the female politicians and a former first lady, is considered a mere 'junior senator' whose tenure in office is relatively short in the standard of a male elite politician. This is worsened by the perceived disparity of political focus that exists between male and female politicians. The notion that women enter politics on gender basis and considerations is asserted in the work of Kirkpatrick (242). Scholars observe that politics are different when women are involved (Wolbrecht, 5) and contend that activism plays a major role for decision and policy-making of a female politician. Naples, for instance, purports that the path that most female politician tread is one that center on progressive and