Monday, December 30, 2019

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1955 Words

Imagine a person who has been successful and independently for years living by their own personal standards. Now imagine that same person having every aspect of their life changed and controlled by a ruler who says the person’s way of living are outdated and savage. Also, imagine that if that person refuses to follow these new rules, and sticks with their original ways of living, that person will see his or her demise. Would this person be happy? Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, is a story written to show Christian missionaries and colonists invading African clans with the intent to take over and reform every aspect of the African clans’ traditional culture, customs, and traditions with their modern culture, customs, and traditions that they are executing their plan wrong, as cultures do not easily blend. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe shows how old culture, customs, and traditions do not easily blend with modern culture, customs, and traditions through the ev ent at Abame, the conflicts between the church and the Ibo clan, and Okonkwo’s ultimate demise and failure. First, Achebe shows how old culture, customs, and traditions do not easily blend with modern culture, customs, and traditions through the event at Abame. In chapter fifteen of Things Fall Apart, when Okonkwo and Obierika are talking, Obierika states â€Å"‘Have you heard,’ asked Obierika, ‘that Abame is no more?’† (Achebe 137). According to Obierika, around the last planting season a white man appeared inShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the followingRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pages who took their land for monetary gain. This was a dark period of time for Africans that live there. The U.S. Civil War and The Great Depression both can be related, in this instance, to how down their people were because of what happened. Chinua Achebe said it best, â€Å"I would be quite satisfied if my novels...did no more than teach my readers of their past...was not a long night of savagery from which the first European acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(qtd. in â€Å"Morning Yet† 45). In theRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesassume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resources during the seventeenth century. In order for the EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe2361 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Book Critique Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a historical fiction novel describing the life of Okonkwo in a Nigerian village succumbing to European ways, in order to portray Achebe’s view on imperialism. It was chosen for us to read by our teacher because it describes imperialism and its effects in an Ibo village of Nigeria. It also shows the treatment of natives by the Europeans and how the natives reacted. Things Fall Apart is useful to our course of studies because itRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1265 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is markedly relevant to our current course of studies in World History, as it tells a story based on European Imperialism in Africa. Coming off the heels of our Imperialism unit, this post-colonial novel provides very helpful context on different civilizations’ perspectives throughout the Age of Imperialism; aside from analyzing death tolls, descriptions of conflicts, and names of countries, it was previousl y hard to envision what life was actually like during thatRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe692 Words   |  3 Pagesthe way to go. Through commercial trading Islam spread into Igboland, and this led to more Igbo people leaving the Igbo way of life for another, whether it be Islam or Christianity which divide the country in two. In the novel Things Fall Apart written by Chinua Achebe British colonialism and the migration of Muslims to Nigeria led to the change in the faith, social and economic changes in the Igbo society. Traditional Igbo faith believes that there is only one creator or god known as ChinekeRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe897 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe the Igbo tradition revolves around structured gender role. Everything essential of Igbo life is based on their gender, which throughout the novel it shows the role of women and the position they hold, from their role in the family household, also planting women crops, to bearing children. Although the women were claimed to be weaker and seemed to be treated as objects, in the Igbo culture the women still provided qualities that make them worthyRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe Essay1851 Words   |  8 Pageschoice and styles are critical not only to the reader’s understanding of the text but to his appreciation as well. How language is effectively manipulated in their writings enhances the reader’s valuing of the works. The selected novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a representation of Igbo culture and their language. It explores the life of an Igbo tribe at the time of when colonization hit Africa. It could be considered as a post-colonial text, as the protagonist of the story and the other

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Essay Mandatory Dress Codes for All Schools! - 485 Words

Dress codes have been an issue lately in some schools. Most kids are against it but I believe that there should be dress codes in all schools. This would be a good idea because it would reduce violence and bullying, eliminate the problem of wearing hats or jackets and they are less expensive. If there were dress codes in school, it would eliminate violence and bullying. If there was a kid who liked to wear a different style of clothing then others, then he would probably get teased or maybe even get beaten up. Also, it reduces violence and makes students behave better because it makes everyone equal, bringing all of the students to the same level. A dress code brings us together, like an athletic team. Were unified, we stand for†¦show more content†¦Lastly, gang members would not be able to wear their colours or symbols, which could reduce gang fights. Dress codes would also eliminate the problem of wearing hats or jackets in school. If teenagers wore jackets in school, you would not be able to tell if they were hiding something in it such as a weapon. Also if they wore jackets with hood on them, you would not be able to identify if they belong at this school or not. The incident at Korah is an example of this. At that school they do not have a dress code and a random guy walked in the girls bathroom and killed a girl. Hats in school are disrespectful and sometimes they could be worn as a gang symbol. Lastly, a school uniform would be less expensive to buy. The families with low-income could buy a school uniform for a cheap price instead of wearing hand me downs or already used clothing and not risk their kids getting made fun of. Also if you buy a uniform it eliminates the hassle of deciding which clothes to wear or buy for school. Lastly if kids buy uniforms they would judge people for what is on the inside rather then what they are wearing. The dress code is one thing that has served to lower crime, violence, and increase attendance and increase learning at a lot of schools. And I think a dress code is itself an important statement, because we want our young children, whether theyre poor or rich or middle class, when theyre in school to define themselves primarily inShow MoreRelatedThe Correlation Between School Uniforms and Violence Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesIs the absence of school uniforms leading to an up rise of violence between children in public schools? According to the National School Safety Center’s Report on School Associated Violent Deaths, â€Å"Since the 1992-1993 school year, two-hundred seven were shooting victims† (Kelly n pag). According to the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), â€Å"10% of all public schools had one or more serious violent crimes (murder, rape, sexual battery, suicide, physical attackRead MoreSchool Dress Code819 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Mrs. Stansell December 6 2007 Title: In all schools over the United States students are fighting over clothing. Some children have no respect for themselves when it comes to what they are wearing. They dress like it is a night club or like they are out on a nice sunny day at the beach. This is not appealing to everyone. This is one reason why many schools have gone to school dress codes or uniforms. Dress codes help prevent fighting, many unwanted distraction, and embarrassingRead MoreWhy we need dress codes, argumentative essay MLA.1452 Words   |  6 PagesSchools Need Dress Codes Dress codes in public schooling have recently been a controversial issue nation-wide. Mandatory uniform policys measures and emphasize the benefits of students on specific behavioral and academic outcomes. The arguments for the issue are just as strong as those against the issue. There are two main points surrounding school uniforms: performance and school and reduction of violence due to uniformity. Uniforms are argued to positively affect student safety by: loweringRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Required For Their Freedom Of Expression1548 Words   |  7 PagesSchool uniforms were first introduced in England, in the 16th century. In the beginning it was only for charity purposes, but clothing started to have a different meaning throughout the centuries. The early purposes of wearing school uniforms were not much different than that of today’s. Same clothing can represent togetherness and may also help students no to get distracted. This research paper will take a closer look at why schools should mandate such a policy, supported by details and statisticsRead MoreArgument Against School Uniforms993 Words   |  4 Pagesfor school? School uniform is what makes it easy! A set of clothing that is mainly worn, school uniform is one of the schools policy and recommendation. Generally worn in elementary and middle school, this outfit is composed of specific colors of lon g or short pants and shirts for boys, sometimes with a tie. Girls usually wear a dress or a blouse worn either with a skirt or pants, all however have the same colors. This dress code determines even the type of shoes that should be worn at school. SchoolRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Its Placebo Effect Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 2016 School Uniforms and its Placebo Effect School uniforms predominately used in private schools are now becoming increasingly common in public schools throughout the United States. During the 2013- 2014 schoolyear, one in five public schools required students to wear uniforms, which is an increase from the 2003-2004 school year in which one in eight schools required the use of uniforms (US Department of Education and US Department of Justice) first documented use of required dress in educationRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms979 Words   |  4 PagesThe age old argument of whether or not uniforms and dress codes should be enforced in schools seems to never conclude. The issue of appropriate clothing in schools is controversial and provoking. Many argue that abolishing a student’s choice in their attire violates their freedom of expression. Students use what they wear to express themselves; their clothing gives them a sense of a unique style and identity. Others argue that permitting students to wear whatev er clothing they like can create unnecessaryRead MoreSchools Are For Learning, Not Fashion Essay556 Words   |  3 PagesI thought school was for learning; not for a fashion show. A dress code should be required in all public schools to promote better student behavior, decrease costs to parents and increase school safety by eliminating gang-related clothing. A uniform dress code would curve discipline problems and distractions while improving overall student behavior. By requiring students to adhere to a dress code, learning will be enhanced. For this purpose, a dress code will implement discipline toward learningRead MoreEssay On School Uniforms1388 Words   |  6 PagesStevens Miss. Windish English II 16 October 2017 Dress for Success Many schools have decided that having school uniforms is the best for their students. Other schools don’t want to limit the student’s freedom of speech. Schools can’t decide which is the best - have uniforms or not. School uniforms should be mandatory for all students considering the cost, right to freedom and academic success. One reason why school uniforms should be mandatory is the cost. It is more economical for people becauseRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Uniforms1422 Words   |  6 PagesCatholic elementary school, middle school, and high school. I found it easier to attend and focus on school when wearing the same clothes as everyone else. Today, tiny southern towns even to the nations largest cities, public school uniforms have become so common this year that in many areas, they are no longer the exception, but the rule (Lewin â€Å"Dress for Success: Public School Uniforms†). Imagine a parent’s comfort in knowing their child was being treated as an equal at school each and every day

Friday, December 13, 2019

George Orwells Animal Farm Free Essays

In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, power and control of the farm shifts from Mr. Jones to Snowball and from Snowball to Napoleon. Each, no matter how well their leadership, was corrupted by power in some way as compared to Russian leaders of the time. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwells Animal Farm or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most corrupt, Napoleon, uses several methods of gaining mocontrol the Handmaids in almost any way they desire. It is clear that the theme of power and control through the depiction of it’s citizens creates a severely oppressive society. This theme is portrayed by the role of government and the patriarchal society. The government strikes fear on its citizens with the Wall and the Salvaging in the Handmaid’s Tale, the military force in V for Vendetta and the outcasting of animals that do not follow orders in Animal farm. Fear and intimidation are used in the texts and furthermore, power is shown through the patriarchal society, which includes the Commanders, the Commander’s Wives, and the Handmaids assigned to them. Overall, the Republic of Gilead institutes power and control in society, therefore forcing its residents into submission and causing them to loose control over their own lives. . re power and luxury.Power and Control â€Å"Once you had the freedom to object, to think and speak as you saw fit, you now have censors and systems of surveillance coercing your conformity and soliciting your submission† (V, â€Å"V for Vendetta†). Throughout history there has been struggle of power and control between a governing body and it’s people. In the movie â€Å"V for Vendetta,† the government has ultimate control over it’s people in a dystopian future, created by a series of strategic events that could be in the near future for the United States. Good morning/afternoon teachers and fellow students. Today I will be talking to you about Power and Control related to my three texts, Animal Farm by George Orwell, V for Vendetta directed by James McTeigue and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood. Yes it is necessary for the government to impose a certain amount of power and control on its citizens in order for a society to function properly. However, too much power and control in a society eliminates the freedom of the residents, forbidding them to live an ordinary life. In the dystopic futuristic novel, The Handmaid’s Tale demonstrates the theme of power and control through an oppressive society called the Republic of Gilead. The government establishes power and control through the use of the Wall, military control, the Salvaging, and the Particicution. The Patriarchal society allows the Commanders to hold immense power over the citizens, while the Commander’s Wives hold the power in the household. Generally, the Handmaids do not hold very much power because they are of a lower class in the Patriarchal society. The Republic of Gilead institutes power and control in society, therefore forcing its residents into submission and leaving them completely helpless in a totalitarian regime. Just like in George Orwell’s Animal Farm, power and control of the farm shifts from Mr. Jones to Snowball and from Snowball to Napoleon. Each, no matter how well their leadership, was corrupted by power in some way as compared to Russian leaders of the time. The most corrupt, Napoleon, uses several methods of gaining more power and luxury. The citizens in The Handmaid’s Tale know that they are constantly under surveillance, so they try their best to conform to avoid getting caught. The patriarchal society is another factor that develops power and control. The Republic of Gilead is male dominated; the Commanders exercise authority over all the citizens. The Commander has a high status in society, as explained by Ofglen when she says, â€Å"He’s way up there†¦ He’s at the top, and I mean the very top. At such time it’s hard to imagine it† (Atwood 262). The Commander’s Wives hold power, for â€Å"they can do almost anything to [the Handmaids]† (Atwood 344). Clearly, the Commander’s Wives are permitted to control the Handmaids in almost any way they desire. It is clear that the theme of power and control through the depiction of it’s citizens creates a severely oppressive society. This theme is portrayed by the role of government and the patriarchal society. The government strikes fear on its citizens with the Wall and the Salvaging in the Handmaid’s Tale, the military force in V for Vendetta and the outcasting of animals that do not follow orders in Animal farm. Fear and intimidation are used in the texts and furthermore, power is shown through the patriarchal society, which includes the Commanders, the Commander’s Wives, and the Handmaids assigned to them. Overall, the Republic of Gilead institutes power and control in society, therefore forcing its residents into submission and causing them to loose control over their own lives. . How to cite George Orwells Animal Farm, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Modern Society for European and Canadian Trade -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theModern Society for European and Canadian Trade. Answer: It is believed that European and Canadian Trade officials met to continue the discussion of the provision of CETA and TTIP (Transatlantic Trade Investment Partnership). The same is deemed to be a threat for ordinary people as it provides more support to foreign investors and big corporations rather than the public organization (Van Harten, 2014). It is one of the main reason due to which same was opposed by Canadian as well as European societies. Present essay revolves around the discussion relating to the reason due to which CANADIAN UNION OF PUBLIC EMPLOYEES society opposed the specified agreements. Moreover, the overall impact of these agreements has also been discussed. Canadian Union of Public Employees CUPE which stands for TheCanadian Union of Public Employee is a trade union of Canada delivering the public sector; however, recently it was in organized workplaces of non-profit as well as para-public. CPE is one of the largest Canadian unions, demonstrating approx 650000 workers engaged in healthcare, universities, transportation, airlines, libraries education, social services, education, public utilities, and emergency services. More than 60% of members of CUPE are females, and one-third is part-time workers. CUPE is in united with CLC (Canadian Labour Congress) and is a leading contributor of finance, History CUPE was first established in 1963 in an industry unionism that resembles fashion through integrating NUPE (National Union of Public Employees) and NUPSE (National Union of Public Service Employees). Stan little was the first national president; previously he was the president of NUPSE. Enclosing a public sector union by which no workers were entitled to strike, Stan has given the authority to bring the public sector unions back to collective bargaining from collective begging. At the time of retirement of Stan, CUPE developed into 210,000 associates and had concealedUnited Steelworkersas a leading member to theCLC Existing organizational structure CUPE has a much-decentralized structure in which every local vote for their own executive, set out its structure, carry out own bargaining, and conduct own votes and further pass on to national and division meeting to structure overarching strategy. Advocated present in the process claim that the authority is put in thegrassrootsto which it relates (Petersman, 2016). CUPEs decentralized structure is defined as the supreme strength as well as the weakness of CUPE. The decentralization of politics is reflected by a decentralization of organization. However, CUPE has its own national headquarters located in Ottawa, and is comparatively small- most of the majority of staff are spread across more than 70 offices throughout the country. Provincial divisions Divisions of CUPE are political members voice in their own internal parts and provinces. Chartered via the national union, every divisional advocate at the level of provinces for strategies, legislative and political change in the standards and interest of members of CUPE. Every division of province is directed by elected president having democratic characteristics, the board of executive and secretary-treasurer who are further led by members at yearly conventions (Healy, 2014). Internal labour relations Employees of CUPE have divided into two key units of bargaining. The CSU (Canadian Staff Union) is the largest group among all. It presents representatives of national level and professional members in that Area office over the 10 CUPE regions. During 2008, CSU engaged the union of managerial and technical members which demonstrated approx 60 managerial and technical members at the national office of Ottawa. Specific concern regarding TTIP or CETA Main objective CETS will be inclusive of controversial, redundant chapter of investment and ISDS (investor-to-state dispute settlement process) that developing countries are denying for better reasons said by the transatlantic statement, been authorized by over 80 organizations of the union of Europe, Quebec and Canada inclusive of Corporate Europe Observatory. These unnecessary protections of companies, constructed upon thousands of contracts of investments and free trade treaties, serving without the intention of social and economical but for undermining the rights of democracy to make a decision on public strategy and public interest regulation. Henckels, (2016) asserted that the concerned statement represents developing conflict in Europe to plans of the Commissions to negotiate the rights of investors in the agreements with CETA and TTIP and Singapore, represents from to experience of global level with investor-to-state argument settlement. This is inclusive in Canada, where recently investor s of NAFTA lawsuits have faced a standstill on an exploration of shale gas, and the two court decisions on the use of pharmaceutical patents. If the CETA is signed and approved with the intact of ISDS, the democracy of Canada and Europe will face problems whole organizations earn tools to bother strategies implemented to safeguard the environment, public services and health, resource protection and significantly to create sustainability in the economy (Hughes and Bell, 2015). All the representative of political at each level of government in the European Union and Canada should entitle the negotiations of investments in CETA to a hold and deny to support the CETA till the elimination of the process of investor-state dispute settlement. Main REASONS OF opposing CETA Existing democracies were undermined by private courts for investors Investors in foreign were offered special rights to the case not in favour of the nation if they had a belief that the reformed laws and regulation created a negative impact on their business (DUD and DUDOV, 2016). At present, Canada is supposed to have significant legal penalties and a growing country. It was approved by both of the countries that rights will be given to Investor Company as per the new acronym. Conversely, the reason for this controversy was that the special rights were given to foreign investors and it resulted in declining of the present court system of EU and Canada. The provision provided freedom to Foreign Service provider in public areas For the first time, a trade agreement regarding the negative list meant for services was negotiated. By considering the consequence, various services have been excluded government of Europe which includes new public services that will be unlocked automatically. Moreover, while competing with the providers of foreign service, this mechanism has been filled by CUPE and other communities as standstill and ratchet section in confine and future liberalisation. Brouse, Nguyen and Lohschelder (2015), stated that it is supposed that this will result in complexities to get the services back under public ownership. Negative impact on long-term patent right relating to drugs It was considered that demand for European Union pharmaceutical patent could increase the current scenario of health care costs of Canadas province by adding up billion in it through protecting patent rights regarding long drugs. An estimate was made by researchers that the reform in the security of patents for pharmaceutical drugs will terminate the cost from $850 million to $1.65 billion on a yearly basis (Wathen, MacGregor and MacQuarrie, 2015). The society of CUPE stands against CETA with other societies as well, as CETA gave provision for creating barriers for the government of Europe in terms of reducing the patent period. Creating hurdles for local economies CETA emphasized to break the provision which was available for providing an advantage to local communities and municipalities. The European Union made efficient efforts for deletion of Canadian buy local programs which ensure the local jobs. The same was analyzed by the Council of Canadians.The laws and provision which assisted local business were targeted by multinational companies so that they able to attain whole profit (Kelly and Bourgeault, 2015). Due to same reason Canadian societies were against. Fundamental Concertns regarding the agreeement as signed Thousands of corporations and organizations were emphasized and manipulated by CETA for not choosing public interest regulation such as to manage the climate change (Butler and Subedi, 2017). Moreover, CETA expands and entrenches even though dispute existed in investor settlement process. In accordance with provision specified by CETA, no claim can be made by a trade union or public in case any environmental, public health or any law has not been followed by the company. Various kinds of obstacles were created by CETA for the government regarding their power to regulate public services and reverse the negative impact of unsuccessful liberalization and privatisations (Kaufman and Taras, 2016). It can be concluded from above discussion that major of the provisions of TTIP was in favour of big corporations and foreign investors. Moreover, they also aimed to target the local economies which directly affected the jobs of local people which were ensured only through the local market. All specification proves CETA as a non-progressive trade deal. De Ville and Siles-Brgge (2015) specified that it could be said that it is a paradigm shift is required towards an inclusive trade policy which is developed after considering the need for people References Brouse, K., Nguyen, V. and Lohschelder, S., 2015. CUSLI expert roundtable report: CETA, TPP, TTIP, and the Canada-US trade relationship.Canada-United States Law Journal,39, pp.202-208. Butler, N. and Subedi, S., 2017. The Future of International Investment Regulation: Towards a World Investment Organisation?.Netherlands International Law Review,64(1), pp.43-72. De Ville, F. and Siles-Brgge, G., 2015.TTIP: The truth about the transatlantic trade and investment partnership. John Wiley Sons. DUD, T. and DUDOV, M., 2016. Growing Skepticism towards Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership in EuropeCauses and Consequences.Editorial Board, p.1. Healy, T., 2014. Canadian and European Unions and the CanadaEU CETA Negotiations.Globalizations,11(1), pp.59-70. Henckels, C., 2016. Protecting Regulatory Autonomy through Greater Precision in Investment Treaties: The TPP, CETA, and TTIP.Journal of International Economic Law,19(1), pp.27-50. Hughes, J. and Bell, D., 2015. Bargaining for contract academic staff at English Canadian universities.WorkingUSA,18(3), pp.377-394. Kaufman, B.E. and Taras, D.G., 2016.Nonunion employee representation: history, contemporary practice and policy. Routledge. Kelly, C. and Bourgeault, I.L., 2015. The Personal Support Worker Program Standard in Ontario: An Alternative to Self-Regulation?.Healthcare Policy,11(2), p.20. Petersmann, E.U., 2016. The European Unions Cosmopolitan Foreign Policy Constitution and Its Disregard in Transatlantic Free Trade Agreements.European Foreign Affairs Review,21(4), pp.449-468. Van Harten, G., 2014. Comments on the European Commissions Approach to Investor-State Arbitration in TTIP and CETA.Browser Download This Paper. Wathen, C.N., MacGregor, J.C. and MacQuarrie, B.J., 2015. The impact of domestic violence in the workplace: results from a pan-Canadian survey.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,57(7), p.e65.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Essay Example

Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson Paper Imagine that you were depressed and didn’t talk about your problems. You find out that art is a way that you can express your feelings. In the novel Speak, by Laurie Halse Anderson, Melinda expresses her emotions through her artwork. Melinda’s art shows how she grew when she spoke through art. Melinda’s artwork shows how unpleasant her life is. After the pep rally when Melinda was knocked down the bleachers. She drew an art project in Mr. Freemans class and says Ive been painting watercolors of trees that have been hit by lightning. I try to paint them so they are nearly dead, but not totally (Anderson 30-31).The trees that Melinda is painting are getting struck by lightning. The lightning that struck her is all of the kids at school who make fun of her and her ex-friends that ignore her.Melinda and the tree are both getting hurt in some way. Next, when Melindas in Mr.Freemans art class and tries to make her tree look real. â€Å"But when I try to carve it, it looks like a dead tree, toothpicks, a child’s drawing. I can’t bring it to life. I‘d love to give it up. Quit. But I can’t think of anything else to do, so I keep chipping away at it† (Anderson 78).Melinda carving the linoleum block symbolizes her social status. Her status ri ght now is going down hill just like her drawing, and she wants to give up, butshe doesn’t because there nothing else to do. Melindas art shows how she was not doing so well in school. We will write a custom essay sample on Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Melindas artwork represents the progress that she has made. When Melinda was in biology she draws a picture. While in biology class Melinda is passing her notebook back and forth with David and she draws a picture of Ms. Keen as a robin and David draws a branch under her feet and slides the notebook back to me. and she tries to connect the branch to a tree. It looks pretty good, better than anything I have drawn so far in art† (anderson 109-110). This shows how in order for her tree to grow s

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on Vibratory Motion Of A Spring

Lab: Vibratory Motion of a spring Purpose: To verify the laws of simple harmonic motion for the spring. Materials: Spring, mass holder with pointer, scale, slotted masses, timer Procedure: 1. Determine the force constant of the spring by adding masses to the spring, one at a time. There should be at least six mass increments. Unload the spring, one mass at a time, and note the elongation. Plot a graph of force vs. elongation and take the slope of the line. 2. Determine the time for one complete vertical oscillation (period). To do this, attach the first known mass and pull the spring slightly from down its equilibrium position and release it. The system is now oscillating. Record the time for 50 complete oscillations and then determine the period. Repeat with the same mass increments you used in procedure 1. 3. Theory suggests the period, T, is related to the spring constant, k, by equation (5). Plot a graph of T vs. mass effective. Determine the value of k from the graph and compare it to the value of k that you determined in procedure 1. Hypothesis: I believe that the k value from the first graph (force vs. elongation) will be very close if not equal to the k value of the second graph (period^2 vs. effective mass). Data: Increment Mass (m) Applied Force Elongation x loading Elongation x unloading No. kg N m m 1 0.325 3.185 0.232 0.19 2 0.425 4.165 0.269 0.19 3 0.525 5.145 0.31 0.19 4 0.625 6.125 0.349 0.19 5 0.725 7.105 0.384 0.19 6 1.025 10.045 0.498 0.19 Mass of spring = .075 kg Trial Effective mass (m) Time for 50 vibrations Period (T) Period (T^2) No. kg s s s^2 1 0.325 36.28 0.7256 0.526495 2 0.425 40.62 0.8124 0.659994 3 0.525 44.93 0.8988 0.807841 4 0.625 48.43 0.9686 0.938186 5 0.725 52.32 1.0464 1.094953 6 1.025 61.63 1.2326 1.519303 Questions: 1. The plot of the force versus elongation indicate that the spring obeys Hooke’s Law because the formula F = -... Free Essays on Vibratory Motion Of A Spring Free Essays on Vibratory Motion Of A Spring Lab: Vibratory Motion of a spring Purpose: To verify the laws of simple harmonic motion for the spring. Materials: Spring, mass holder with pointer, scale, slotted masses, timer Procedure: 1. Determine the force constant of the spring by adding masses to the spring, one at a time. There should be at least six mass increments. Unload the spring, one mass at a time, and note the elongation. Plot a graph of force vs. elongation and take the slope of the line. 2. Determine the time for one complete vertical oscillation (period). To do this, attach the first known mass and pull the spring slightly from down its equilibrium position and release it. The system is now oscillating. Record the time for 50 complete oscillations and then determine the period. Repeat with the same mass increments you used in procedure 1. 3. Theory suggests the period, T, is related to the spring constant, k, by equation (5). Plot a graph of T vs. mass effective. Determine the value of k from the graph and compare it to the value of k that you determined in procedure 1. Hypothesis: I believe that the k value from the first graph (force vs. elongation) will be very close if not equal to the k value of the second graph (period^2 vs. effective mass). Data: Increment Mass (m) Applied Force Elongation x loading Elongation x unloading No. kg N m m 1 0.325 3.185 0.232 0.19 2 0.425 4.165 0.269 0.19 3 0.525 5.145 0.31 0.19 4 0.625 6.125 0.349 0.19 5 0.725 7.105 0.384 0.19 6 1.025 10.045 0.498 0.19 Mass of spring = .075 kg Trial Effective mass (m) Time for 50 vibrations Period (T) Period (T^2) No. kg s s s^2 1 0.325 36.28 0.7256 0.526495 2 0.425 40.62 0.8124 0.659994 3 0.525 44.93 0.8988 0.807841 4 0.625 48.43 0.9686 0.938186 5 0.725 52.32 1.0464 1.094953 6 1.025 61.63 1.2326 1.519303 Questions: 1. The plot of the force versus elongation indicate that the spring obeys Hooke’s Law because the formula F = -...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Recommendation letter Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recommendation letter - Coursework Example On completion of her second degree, she was promoted to the role of a pharmaceutical educator. Since then, she has proven us right through her excellent skills in training facilitations and her competence in academic skills. Currently, as a pharmaceutical educator, she educates cardiac patients on the antiplatelet therapy. She is also a good team player and was able to effectively communicate with patients, their families and her colleagues leading to great success in the cardiac patients’ therapy and treatment outcomes during the period. Apart from educating patients and families on antiplatelet therapy, she has also been facilitating the acquisition of the drugs needed for treatment. From my observation, she truly has an interest in the field of medicine and has a heart for the patients. Her previous competency indicates that she can achieve tremendous success for the institution once she is offered the new position. I therefore recommend her for the position of without any reservation. With much enthusiasm; I positively look forward to your favorable consideration of her

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Economics of Energy and Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economics of Energy and Environment - Essay Example The remaining amount of fuel had been utilised for energy motives. It has been observed that the consumption of energy in the UK fell to its lowest level in the years2010 and 2011 compared to the year 1984. This decrease in energy has been conceived due to the reduction of 18% in the utilisation of gas. From the year 1970, there has been a change in the consumption of fuel from solid fuels to fuel mix from 46,120 million tonnes to 2,437 million tonnes of oil in the year 2011. The consumption of fuel has been substituted by gas which increased from 14,408 million tonnes to 42,378 million tonnes of oil equivalent from the year 1970 to 2011. The consumption of electricity is also observed to have increased by a considerable extent i.e. by 65% which is equivalent to 27,334 million tonnes of oil (Crown, â€Å"Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom: 2012†). The industrial sector is responsible for consuming around 40% of energy which amounted to around 62,333 thousand tonnes of oi l equivalent. On the other hand, the domestic sector and transport are perceived to be utilising nearly 24% and 18% respectively. Other users including public administration, agriculture and commerce are observed to be using 12% of energy. Furthermore, 7% of the energy was consumed for non-energy motives (Crown, â€Å"Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom: 2012†). Domestic Energy Consumption From The Year 1970 To 2011 Source: [1] (Crown, â€Å"Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom: 2012†) In the year 1990, it has been perceived that the industrial sector consumed around 24% of energy which signifies that there was fall in energy consumption in the industrial sector as compared to the period of 1970.... This essay stresses that the households are also required to adopt innovative and certified household electrical appliances and products with the intention of better utilisation of energy. Moreover, households are required to adopt latest products which are energy efficient with the motive of ascertaining that energy is consumed at a minimum level. The households are required to acquire technologies which emit carbon in a minimised manner. Furthermore, these innovative and low carbon emitting technologies will facilitate households with better power as well as money saving opportunities. The increased price of energy will initiate households to acquire more innovative technologies for producing renewable sources of energy. This paper makes a conclusion that it can be comprehended that the prices of energy is likely to increase for households, as the current market prices only pay for returns to existing energy production. By raising the regulation and costs of existing energy production, and providing grants and subsidies to encourage the adoption of new technology, the government is rebalancing the costs of energy consumption more in favour of low carbon technologies. In the long run, combined with technological developments making such technologies more affordable, and regulations requiring that they are used, there will be a shift toother non-renewable sources of energy in order to improve energy efficiency, preserve energy for future consumption, as well as reducing carbon emission.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Feedback and Behavior Reinforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feedback and Behavior Reinforcement - Essay Example Secondly, the task itself, or its outcome can be a good source of feedback. If the outcome is not as desired, then it indicates that the task was not performed in the right manner. Thirdly, self observation is also a source; however, there will be possibilities of biasness or misinterpretation in feedback obtained from oneself. b. Define upward feedback and 360 — degree feedback. A typical organizational context adopts a top-down approach to feedback on performance issues. However, contemporary management is adopting an upward feedback in which the managers are evaluated by their subordinates, thus receiving upward feedback. Similarly, when feedback is sought from subordinates, colleagues, peers, external stakeholders and also superiors, it constitute the 360-degree feedback. c. Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, and give a job-related example of each, and also summarize the research lessons about pay performance and explain why rewards often fail to motivate employees. Extrinsic rewards are those that are acquired from external sources such as finance, material or social environment. These include pay incentives, bonuses, material rewards and recognition, promotions etc. In job contexts, extrinsic rewards are given in the form of pay-rise and/or promotions.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Human cloning

Human cloning Brief History In 1952, the first successful animal cloning took place when Robert Briggs and Thomas J.King cloned a tadpole. After almost four decades, the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly, was born in 1996. Following the creation of Dolly, scientists started to think about developing human clones. However, scepticism and hesitation began to grow among scientists when Dolly died at the age of six in 2003. This event, combined with the religious communitys disapproval of human cloning, resulted in the enactment of the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2009. According to this law, human cloning is unethical, immoral, and unlawful; hence, it is illegal. Today, human cloning is banned in 23 countries. Nevertheless, pro-cloning scientists and researchers are seeking to legalise human cloning in order to progress research and achieve more in this field (Naik, 2010). Introduction Do not come down for or against cloning until you have consulted it stated David Sharp in the New Statesman (2000). What Michael Bay, the Hollywood director, eloquently shows in his sci-fi film, The Island, is what many people in the 21st century are debating. This movie brilliantly portrays the type of influences that a human cloning factory can have on society. A mother becomes pregnant and delivers her baby, but her life will be terminated by scientists because she is just a clone of the original mother who could not become pregnant or who did not want to go through the pain of being pregnant. The human cloning technology that is shown in the movie has not been reached yet. However, what this movie is trying to show is the selfishness of mankind who is willing to spend considerable amounts of money in order to create genetically identical replicas of themselves and massacre the self-made clones to fulfil their own goals in life like having a baby, undergoing organ transplantation, etc. This is one of the most controversial issues in the world today. After creation of Dolly (the sheep clone) by Ian Willmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, which was a great success in animal cloning, the debate about the concept of cloning, both scientifically and ethically, was raised among scientists (Bose, 2009). However, the main debate today is whether humans should be cloned or not. In order to realise why some views are against and some are for this issue, it is important to know some background about this concept first. Background The simplest explanation of human cloning is that it is the production of a replicate (clone) of a human being asexually and without any fertilisation of sperms and eggs (Bose, 2009). The technique used in cloning is called somatic (non-sex) cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Through SCNT, the nucleus of an egg is removed and replaced by the nucleus of the donor (who wants to be cloned), which is already isolated from the donor cell. An electrical shock (or, sometimes, the application of chemicals) results in the fusion of the donor nucleus and the host egg, which, in turn, starts the cell division process. When the cell division reaches a certain limit (blastocyst developed), it is embedded in the surrogate mothers uterus by in vitro fertilisation. This method of cloning, which was also used to create Dolly, is known as reproductive cloning (Bose, 2009). It is important to bear in mind that artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and cryopreservation are all known as standard reproductive cloning techniques. However, the aforementioned technologies involve sexual reproduction of the embryo, i.e. fertilisation of sperms and eggs. In cloning, SCNT technology is used in the first phase in order to asexually produce a zygote (with fusion, not fertilisation) and next through the in vitro fertilisation technique; the resultant blastocyst (early embryo) is implanted in the mothers womb only if the aim is to produce a human being (reproductiove cloning), otherwise the blastocyst is used to extract stem cells from it (therapeutic cloning) which these cells, in turn, grow into various types of cells, such as pancreatic or nerve cells as demonstrated in Figure 2. (Wilmut et al., 2001) Another type of cloning is called therapeutic cloning. As explained above, in this case, after the fusion of patients (donors) nucleus with the hosts egg and development of blastocyst, the inner cell layer of the blastocyst, which is full of undifferentiated stem cells, is used for stem cell research. Therefore, in therapeutic cloning and unlike reproductive cloning, the embryo is not embedded into the mothers uterus and, instead, it is used to isolate stem cells from it as shown in Figure 1 and 2 (Explorestemcells, 2010). These stem cells could then be used within different human body organs, such as the liver, heart, and skin. The advantage of using this method is that since the stem cells have been developed from the nucleus of the patient (i.e., have the same genetic information), the new developed organ will be used to replace the dysfunctional patients organ without the patients body rejecting the new organ (Bose, 2009). Many scientists believe that, with therapeutic cloning and embryonic stem cell research, many disorders, especially degenerative nervous system diseases like Alzheimers and Parkinsons can be treated. This is a very big promise that one can give to the mankind; however, the ethical issues related to this study must not be neglected (Bose, 2009). The benefits and problems of using these two main types of cloning are more discussed in the scientific issues section later on in this dissertation. Nevertheless, there are important realities that must be uncovered about human cloning. It is important to understand that a clone can never be a perfect copy of the donor. Although the genetic material in the nucleus of the donor is used to create the clone, the mitochondrial DNA of the donor is not passed onto the clone. Also, the environment and experiences that builds up someones character would be different for the donor and his/her clone (Bose, 2009). Due to the lack of sexual reproduction of the clone, it would not have biological parents and he/she would always be called a clone of the DNA donor instead of a son or daughter of the donor. However, like any other human being, it will start its life as a baby despite the fact that it is generated from the cell of an adult (Bose, 2009). The act of human cloning (reproductive cloning) is banned in many countries today; however, some countries like the UK have legalised human cloning research only for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, even therapeutic cloning is not completely allowed in many countries as most of the religious organisations are against diverting the fate of an embryo in any form and for any purpose (Bose, 2009). The question that may be raised is why anyone would want to clone a human in the first place. There are four different reasons why some people desire to clone a defunct or living person. There are people who would like simply to replicate themselves. This may be due to the fact that some might think that, by cloning themselves, they will become immortal somehow. This argument clearly shows that it is arisen from a wrong interpretation of cloning. Others might want to be cloned just because they are vain. Some want to replace their deceased loved ones by cloning them. For instance, this could be parents who desire to clone a child and use the cloned child as an organ donor for their dying child or to replace that child. Others believe that, with this technology, famous people can be recreated. Some of the nominees were Einstein, Mozart, Ghandi and Marilyn Monroe. Finally, human cloning can bring another option to provide an opportunity for infertile couples, including homosexuals, to have their own genetic child. However, at present, none of these suggestions are technically practical. For example, of course, it is impossible to reproduce Ghandi as his DNA is probably decayed a long time ago. Nevertheless, what Ghandi did throughout humankind made him the outstanding Ghandi rather than his actual body (Wilmut et al., 2001). To date, there has not been any success in cloning human beings despite several announcements from different scientists like Panayiotis Zavos in 2001 (Bose, 2009). In the next sections, the pros and cons of human cloning will be discussed both in terms of ethical and scientific implications which will make it easier to formulate a logical opinion about this issue. Discussion Ethical issues There are many ethical concerns, surrounding human cloning, and there is no consensus yet about these ethical issues. Most of the ethical implications are theological concerns and different religious views that believe that human cloning is the act of changing what God wants and changing the way human babies would normally born. Many religious organisations believe that the embryo must be considered as a human being and the act of therapeutic cloning, where stem cells are extracted from the embryo, therefore, is the same as murdering a human being. As a result of this belief, what many people are against about human cloning is the act of terminating one persons life in order for another person to live longer (Putatunda, 2007). This so-called instrumentalization view states, with regard to therapeutic cloning, that embryos must not be treated like an instrument and be produced only to help others to survive, but they should have an opportunity to experience the life like any other hum an beings who were an embryo (Kuhse Singer, 2006). Many views concern the social problems that human cloning may create. There is, no doubt that, a child who is created through cloning would face countless challenges in society. How such a child can grow up in a society where there are notand never wereany parents for him/her is a real challenge. The criminal misuse of this technology and insulting human dignity by creating human clones for other reasons can influence human values in society in many destructive ways (Bose, 2009). Some of the other morally argumentative discussions are raised against the inhumanity side of human cloning. Some of the main ethical dilemmas are whether human beings have the right to have children regardless of how they are created or whether it is moral to replace our defective organs with the new healthy ones from clones. Terminating the life of an embryo in order to isolate stem cells from them in therapeutic cloning is condemned by some humanitarian organisations (Putatunda, 2007). The next sections will discuss specific segments that relate to ethical issues on human cloning. These sections cover some of the main views on using embryos and stem cells in therapeutic purposes, and a brief overview of different perspectives on the concept of human dignity, autonomy, and reproductive cloning. About embryos The current UK rules and regulations states that embryos more than fourteen days old must not be used in research. This does not mean that a balostocyst younger than two weeks should not be respected. In fact, the rules clearly state that early embryos should be used in research only if there are no alternatives, such as adult stem cells, and only with consent. A precise record keeping must also be carried out to ensure that all embryos are treated the same (Wilmut et al., 2007). On the other hand, from a different perspective and as opposed to what many theological associations believe, the embryo is just a ball of cells and must not be considered to be a person. In other words, the embryo is not equivalent to a human being and, as a result of this, human rights should not apply to a bunch of cells that have no brain, personality, character, self-awareness, memory, etc. Therefore, the act of therapeutic cloning is not immoral as it uses a bunch of cells that contain DNA like human s kin cells to extract stem cells from and save thousands of lives. It only becomes wrong when the embryo is starting to develop a brain (mental life) and shows the appearance of the capacity to think. However, at this stage, an embryo is just a cluster of cells (Putatunda, 2007). Therefore, whilst many people believe that an embryo has the potential to become a human and, hence, must be respected, others believe that this does not mean that just because the embryo has this potential and must be authorised to have the same rights as a person. As John Harris stated in The Value of Life, We are all potentially dead but that does not mean we should be treated as if we are dead (Wilmut et al., 2007). As a result of this, many scientists justify the use of blastocysts in research. Nevertheless, this, in turn, raises other uncertainties like whether the blastocyst is aware or whether the blastocyst feels pain (Wilmut et al., 2007). Therapeutic cloning and stem cells In order to rationally investigate the ethical issues surrounding therapeutic cloning using embryonic stem cells in research and therapy, it is important to briefly look at some of the main ethical issues raised over the past few years. Technically, stem cells can be isolated from adults (e.g. skin), from umbilical cord blood, from foetal tissue, and from embryonic tissue. However, scientists believe that embryos are the best sources of stem cells for therapeutic cloning today. Therefore, this raises the question of whether, in future, embryos will be created just to be used as a source to harvest stem cells. Another issue that has been raised by the European Group on Ethics is the womans right since mothers are the means necessary to create embryos. There are also issues regarding the anonymity and security of the donors and the confidentiality of their genetic information. The commercial uses and transport of the donated tissues and genetic material globally, which could result in many criminal cases are crucial issues which are linked to peoples safety and security and must be attentively considered (Kuhse Singer, 2006). A similar debate is currently taking place, in the UK, on whether everyones DNA must be kept on the database or only criminals DNA. Replication not reproduction With regard to reproductive cloning, since creating an individual using SCNT technology is a process of replication and not reproduction, some believe that this is not natural and completely disregards human dignity. However, this might be a kind of eluding technique that especially political systems would use nowadays in order to avoid the controversial arguments that surround an issue, such as human cloning. It is always easier to justify a banning policy by claiming that a particular law is issued due to breaching human dignity moralities rather than basing it on religious views (Caulfield, 2003). Eugenics, human dignity and autonomy In addition, the autonomy and uniqueness of an individual are other factors that must be considered. The genetic information of a person is what makes the person unique and different from others. From the human dignity defenders perspective, who believe autonomy and uniqueness are the precursors of human dignity, the act of reproductive cloning not only disregards the clones autonomy, but it also ruins the uniqueness of the donor, which is unacceptable and immoral. Again, some might say these arguments are scientifically wrong as genomes role in human uniqueness is only in terms of human appearance and not personalities in terms of defining individuals. Hence, the act of copying someones genome does not necessarily ruin his/her uniqueness or his/her human dignity. For example, identical twins dignity and uniqueness are not jeopardised only because of having identical genomes (Williamson, 1999). Reproductive cloning Apart from the social and religious views, some scientist involved in cloning and embryology researches like Ian Wilmut and Richard Gardner have clearly explained some of the serious ethical problems that human cloning can bring about. For example, with regard to the act of reproductive cloning, there is still lack of sufficient and satisfactory amount of knowledge in order to clone a human being (as explained below). Reproductive cloning has yet to be completely proved by scientists. Even during the process of creating Dolly, 272 embryos were wasted. In other words, Dolly was created after trying to clone a sheep 272 times. .This means that 272 embryos for various reasons were either not developed normally or were eliminated for being imperfect. From those embryos that were developed properly, some of them miscarried and a significant number of the sheep born were severely abnormal and, as a result of this, died shortly after delivery or had to be euthanized (Wilmut et al., 2001). To date, no clone including Dolly has lived to a ripe old age. Dolly was euthanized by lethal injection as she had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis and died at the age of six. This happened whilst most Finn Dorset sheep live to the age of 11 or 12. Just imagining treating a human embryo the same way would create so many ethical dilemmas (HGPI, 2009). Scientific issues Human cloning is not as simple as just replicating a person. There are various scientific and technological obstacles to performing this study. In terms of science, human cloning has its own benefits and problems, especially therapeutic cloning. One of the main advantages of using stem cells isolated from embryos is that the cells are pluripotent. This means that these cells are able to differentiate into any cell type in the human body except embryo cells. Hence, pluripotent cells have the potential to grow and produce healthy organs or to treat any body organ (tissue) diseases by replacing defective cells; for instance, this could involve using pluripotent cells to replace abnormal red blood cells in sickle-celled anaemia disease or to replace damaged heart tissue, thereby preventing cardiovascular diseases (Explorestemcells, 2010). Another major benefit of therapeutic cloning is that, as mentioned in the introduction, since the patients own genetic material is used to produce the cloned embryo and stem cells isolated from it, the risk of rejection by the immune system of the patient during organ transplantation is reduced. Otherwise, if the cells are from another donor, the patients immune system would recognise the foreign proteins on the transplanted cells and start to attack these cells and reject the transplanted organ (Explorestemcells, 2010). Therapeutic cloning can also help scientists to progress in stem cell research, which, in turn, will open many doors to treating different diseases (Explorestemcells, 2010). Furthermore, gene therapy is one of the major development procedures that can be achieved by cloning. Gene therapy allows the replacement of defective and abnormal genes with healthy and normal ones. Rejuvenation is another factor that many scientists believe can be achieved through production of clone tissues (Pakhare, 2007). One of the main advantages of using reproductive cloning is infertility treatment. Through human cloning technology, many infertile couples can have a chance to have a child without going through many painful procedures that are currently used for infertile couples (Pakhare, 2007). This is due to the fact that, in reproductive cloning, the fusion of sex cells is not involved and, instead, SCNT methods are used. However, some of these positive features mentioned about human cloning are just a theory like rejuvenation, and it is not completely approved by all scientists. Human cloning is not as simple as just replicating a person. There are various scientific and technological obstacles to performing this study. A number of drawbacks and risks from using human cloning are mentioned below. Risks One of the main problems of using therapeutic cloning is that the success rate in producing a viable egg is very low. As explained in the case of Dolly, 277 SCNT attempts took place to create a stable, fused egg that resulted in a somewhat viable offspring. Statistics shows that almost 90% of the attempts to produce viable animal clones have failed (Pakhare, 2007). This shows that the cloning technology of today is not very highly advanced and the process of SCNT is not as easy as it may sound. It also means that cloning, especially with this high rate of failure, could be a very expensive technique. It can take hundreds of attempts and thousands or even millions of dollars to attain a viable zygote (Explorestemcells, 2010). Furthermore, the cloned animals tend to die prematurely after cloning. This is due to their fragile immune system, which results in the progression of many disorders and infectious activities after creation, such as tumours, arthritis (in Dolly), etc. Some of the cloned animals die early because they have Large Offspring Syndrome in which their organs are abnormal and often larger than their counterparts organs. This results in the disorganisation of metabolic activities, which, in turn, leads to the development of many other disturbances and, ultimately, causes death (Pakhare, 2007). Another risk of cloning that concerns scientists is the telomere shortening mechanism. Telomeres are DNA sequences located at either ends of chromosomes, which shorten in sequence each time DNA replication occurs. Hence, the overall length of chromosome is reduced after each replication. Studies show that, as the animals (or humans) age increases, its telomeres contract further (Betts et al., 2006). Therefore, the clone that arises from a nucleus, taken from an old donor through SCNT, must die early as the chromosomes of this newly created clone are already old (Yang et al., 2000). For instance, in the case of Dolly, the chromosomes seemed to have been shrunk and, hence, it aged faster than its counterparts. However, this phenomenon is still not completely proven as, in some cases, such as in a cloned cow and a mouse, it has been seen that telomeres are quite longer than their counterparts (Pakhare, 2007). Some more ethical issues in science The process of extracting stem cells from the embryo during therapeutic cloning results in the destruction of the embryo being used. This is the main reason why many views are against stem cell research as they believe killing an embryo is equivalent to killing a human being. However, some people believe that equalising a cluster of cells with a human is completely wrong and advantages of therapeutic cloning with regards to treatment of many diseases outweigh the disadvantages of it (Explorestemcells, 2010). In addition, since reproductive cloning also uses SCNT to create an embryo, there is still the concern that a scientist may take therapeutic cloning further to clone a human being. As described above, no one has ever been successful in cloning a human being; however, it is still alarming for the political, scientific, and religious communities that, with the current knowledge of cloning today, some may attempt to go beyond therapeutic cloning (Explorestemcells, 2010). Possible future developments As explained previously, the main issues surrounding human embryonic stem cell (HESC) research are raised only due to the fact that the embryo is destroyed in the process of extracting stem cells from it. If an alternative way to obtain non-embryonic pluripotent stem cells could be developed, this problem could be overcome. This research is mainly crucial in the U.S. due to different policies that are raised against the federal funding of HESC research. One of the newest ways to approach these alternative pathways is by using the Altered Nuclear Transfer (ANT) technique. Through ANT, the somatic cell nucleus and egg cytoplasm are modified first and, subsequently via SCNT technique, the somatic nucleus is transferred to the egg. The advantage of this method is that it prevents the resultant zygote from developing the potential capabilities of becoming an embryo whilst simultaneously allowing it to produce pluripotent stem cells. ANT has already been experimented on with mice by silenc ing the Cdx2 gene of the somatic cell nucleus before transferring it to the egg. The result was the production of non-embryonic biological entity that contained healthy and normal pluripotent stem cells. Other studies show that this is also achievable by silencing Cdx2 genes in the egg prior to nuclear transfer. Therefore, finding alternative ways are also possible solutions to get around this problem (Hurlbut, 2007). Another idea that scientists brought forth for discussion after cloning Dolly that they hope to apply in medical centres in the near future is the idea of creating designer babies. This idea was mainly proposed in order to help humankind by using the combination of nuclear transfer and genetic modification. This theory believes that the prevention of children with severe genetic disorders being born can be done by artificial selection of the best possible genetic information, using genetic engineering and IVF techniques. Designer babies ensure the presence and absence of particular wanted and unwanted genes ameliorating the offsprings characteristics (Steinbock, 2008). Since IVF was finally accepted by many public organisations after extreme debate, the action of genetically modifying human embryos may also be accepted one day as routine even if it is not applied on a large scale. However, surely moral issues surrounding this technology would make it difficult to carry on this techni que. Some believe that the designer babies technique, like human cloning, is playing God. Others believe that this is a kind of prejudice and discrimination to disallow a disabled child to be born. Many fear the negative long-term effects that this can have on society. For instance, a childs sense of independence might change knowing that his parents had interfered with his birth to change his natural birth in some ways (Wilmut et al., 2007). Nowadays, several other techniques are being offered to patients with genetic diseases in medical centres, such as gene therapy. Therefore, some people believe that the genetic make-up of an individual must not be manipulated before birth; however, it is fine to do that after birth, such as through gene therapy. Conclusion Having discussed some of the main ethical and scientific issues, there are still some unreasonable and illogical criticisms about cloning that have been raised due to the lack of understanding and knowledge about this issue. Misconceptions about human cloning in terms of confusing it with other biomedical and genetically-related techniques, such as designer babies and genetic selection results in false information and judgment about this procedure. As opposed to what many people believe, human cloning is not able to select perfect genes or sex and result in a self-designed perfect human being. Therefore, so many arguments about human cloning, especially religious ones that are based on these perspectives and similar information, are due to superficial and shallow thinking (Vaknin, 2003). In conclusion, a government needs to completely analyse an issue like human cloning before proposing different laws about it and banning it. Restricting research about the issue not only does not solve the problem, but it also makes the conflicts of this matter worse, and it may result in the abstruse and secret execution of illegal human cloning. I, too, have instinctive concerns regarding the application of reproductive cloning. I believe that not only does this type of cloning not have many scientific uses that can help humanity, but it also only brings psychological and mental problems to society. Therefore, there is no doubt why reproductive cloning must be banned and tightly regulated. Regarding stem cell research I believe the ethical guidelines and boundaries must be identified instead of banning the research completely. As mentioned in the context of this dissertation, there are many advantages that can be achieved through stem cell research that must not be neglected. For example, in China, the investment in stem cell science is growing whilst the instruction and rules about this study are also tightly controlled (Sample, 2005). Furthermore, using human dignity and sanctity of life as the centre of the arguments does not help to logically analyse and investigate the benefits and drawbacks of the technique. As nobody is anti-human dignity, such arguments can only act as a barrier that does not allow further study of this technology. As Beyleveld and Brownsword noted (1998), From any perspective that values rational debate about human genetics, it is an abuse of the concept of human dignity to operate it as a veto on any practice that is intuitively disliked. Finally, we need to make use of advantages that this technology can bring to mankind. As noted by Wilmut et al, (2001), Human cloning is now on the spectrum of future possibilities and we, more than anyone else, helped to put it there. We wish this were not the case, but there it is and will remain for as long as civilisation lasts. Of course, we can use alternatives if there are any, but if the only way to save thousands of lives is by using therapeutic cloning, as long as the benefits of such process outweighs the ethical and moral issues, we need to rethink our policies in terms of what we ban and what we limit.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Platos The Symposium Essay -- essays research papers

In Greek culture around the time of Plato, the perfect ideal person was considered. Plato’s idea that there was a perfect world of ideas affected this pieces subject and the subject’s action. Many works of his time period were sculptures that were meant to be viewed from all angles, attempting to be a closer match to that of the ideal. This idea that the ideal world was real and what matter not the physical also effect the actions depicted in many works of this time period. Most of the works are depicting an ideal Greek person performing a noble act not just a common act. Many of the works are also just a still image of a figure from a single moment in time. All of the male sculptures appear in the nude because they represent a perfect man with nothing to hide. These are some of the artistic conventions that were influenced by Plato’s ideas. There are many different aspects of Greek art that can be accredited to Plato for creating. Among them was the "Perfect" figure that resented the ideal person that existed in the world of ideas. The definition of what a perfect person was developed by Plato. Plato believed that the physical world did not matter. It was the form in the ideal world and this value of form and thought can be seen throughout many of the works of art. Plato said that in the physical world we did not see the real object we only saw a shadow of it. The art of this time period showed form and subject that were far more perfect than one could actually exist in the real would in an attempt to represent the world of ideas. All of these aspects together confirm that Plato has a major influence on Greek art of the time. Throughout human existence, the subject of love has also been of great fascination to many. Questions such as : "What is love?" and "What is the work of love?" are some of great questions of the universe that has transcended time; yet with no absolute answers. There is perhaps no correct answers to the phenomena of love. It exists in many strata. It is perpetually subject to debate, for we all are experts of love in our own rights. In The Symposium, Plato gave accounts of speeches from different speakers. Yet the focus of this essay is on Aristophanes and Socrates. Their explanations of love and critical comments t... ...od. Most of the works are depicting an ideal Greek person performing a noble act not just a mundane common act. Many of the works are also just a still image of a figure from a single moment in time. All of the male sculptures appear in the nude because they represent a perfect man with nothing to hide. These are some of the artistic conventions that were influenced by Plato’s ideas. There are many different aspects of Greek art that can be accredited to Plato for creating. Among them was the "Perfect" figure that resented the ideal person that existed in the world of ideas. The definition of what a perfect person was developed by Plato. Plato believed that the physical world did not matter it was the form in the ideal world and this value of form and thought can be seen throughout many of the works of art. Plato said that in the physical world we did not see the real object we only saw a shadow of it. The art of this time period showed form and subject that were far more perfect than one could actually exist in the real would in an attempt to represent the world of ideas. All of these aspects together confirm that Plato has a major influence on Greek art of the time.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Irony in ‘a Gospel According to Mark’

Irony in ‘A Gospel according to Mark’ How would you feel accepting somebody into your family and allowing them to preach to you when they are not a religious believer themselves? As we learn more in Jorge Luis Borges story ‘The Gospel according to Mark’ we find a unique message that there exists some greater power in the universe that punishes those that do preach what they do not believe. Borges uses irony in a setting to realize the importance of knowing what you teach and the potential, yet extreme dangers of not doing so.In 1914 his family moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the College de Geneve. The family travelled widely in Europe, including stays in Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in surrealist literary journals. His work was translated and published widely in the United States and in Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages. Borges dedicated his final work, Los Conjurados ( The Conspirators), to the city of Geneva, Switzerland, and it was there, in 1986, that he chose to die (para 2).Early in the story we get an idea for the character of Espinosa. Borges says â€Å"We may describe him for now as no different to any of the many young men of Buenos Aires, with no particular traits worthy of note other than an almost unlimited kindness and an oratorical faculty that had earned him several prizes from the English school in Ramos Mejia† (186). Espinosa is introduced as a skilled speaker, non-confrontational, who is thirty-three years old. Borges describes him as having â€Å"no traits worthier of note than the gift for public speaking†¦ e didn't like to argue† (186). Jesus was renowned for his powerful sermons, peaceful nature, and most of the information available about him starts when he is in his thirties. However, the similarities in personality end there, because unlike Jesus, Espinosa is a freethinker, at least in name, who prefers city living. As we get deeper into the story ’A gospel according to mark’ Borges continually relates stories and similarity’s in the events that leave a clear indication of Jesus and the Bible.Borges tells the readers ,Espinosa is â€Å"thirty-three† with â€Å"an almost unlimited kindness and a capacity for public speaking,† (187) making him comparable to Christ at the age of His Crucifixion, who had gained followers with his kindness and charisma. Also, Espinosa, who is stranded indoors with the Gutres family after a large flood that is reminiscent of the Biblical account of Noah’s Ark. Espinosa is once more comparable to Christ when he cures a pet goat with â€Å"pills,† an act which resembles magic to the rural family.By creating this resemblance to Jesus, Borges manages to keep us thinking how good Espinosa is being towards the Gutres and therefore doesn’t give us an opportunity to think of the events that later take place . This is all a part of creating the Irony of the story. Borges uses irony to create and intriguing story. As we are becoming more familiar with the story and the character of Espinosa we believe things are moving smoothly between him and the Gutres family. This shows when Borges characterizes the Gutres as Christ’s followers and writes, â€Å"as if lost without [Espinosa,] liked following him from room to room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (186).From this we can see how they have become almost reliant on Espinosa and how much of an impact he has had on them. This is where we start to learn the key irony of the story. Espinosa is not religious and only prays before bed because of a promise he had made to his mother. This is ironic in itself as it makes the Christ figure of the story not religious, causing the reader to believe it strange later when Espinosa begins to read to the Gutres from the Bible. Borges sets the scene later for the even greater irony than to be expected.As readers we e xpect Espinosa to die of a metaphorical crucifixion, we are taken back to how precise the death of Christ is. The Gutres take the story seriously and don’t see it as the story it is but as if it is orders from their Christ figure. When they later on crucify their Christ, this reveals the greater irony of the story which is the man who calls himself a â€Å"free thinker† (187) and is almost ignorant towards religion is actually seen as the Christ figure essentially leading himself and instructing his own death by the Gutres.The lesson that is opened to Espinosa’s eyes at the end of the story as he realizes what is happening is also one taught to the reader. Both Espinosa and the reader realize, through the ironic situations of the story, the importance of knowing what you teach and the potential, yet extreme, dangers of not doing so. Works Cited Barnet, Sylvan, William Burto & William E. Cain. eds. An Introduction to Literature. 16th ed. New York: Pearson, 2011. Print Last name, initial of first name. Title of the article in italics. 24 Feb 2013. Date published. Placed it was published. Web. URL.

Friday, November 8, 2019

SAT - PrepScholar 2016 Students Encyclopedia

SAT - PrepScholar 2016 Students' Encyclopedia SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT is one of two major tests used for admission to 4-year colleges and universities in the United States. Colleges selecting for academic ability often use the SAT, or its counterpart, the ACT, as acriticalfactor when deciding whether or not to grant admission to prospective students. Table of Contents IntroductionFunctionOverall StructureCritical ReadingMathematicsWritingSAT Question TypesSAT LogisticsSAT PreparationSAT Scoring and PercentilesSAT / ACT ComparisonsSAT History Editor's Note: This article is the home page of the SAT PrepScholar's Students' Encyclopedia, 2016 Edition. This guide is updated annually to provide an encyclopedic range of facts on SAT topics with a focus on content relevant to students and parents. Introduction In addition to measuring academic ability, the SAT is meant to evaluate students' college readiness. Its Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing sections are designed to test the skills of math and literacy that students need to succeed in college level courses.Students may prepare for the SAT through their classroom learning and SAT-specific preparation, which may involve SAT books, tutoring, and/or online prep programs. Over 1.67 million high school graduatesin the class of 2014 tookthe SAT. Some middle school students also take the SAT as practice or to qualify for talent competitions, like the Duke Talent Identification Program and Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth program. The SAT is administered by the nonprofit organization, College Board. The current version of the SAT, which consists of three sections and allows for a maximum composite score of 2400, has been in place since 2005. Starting in March of 2016, a redesigned version of the test, commonly referred to as the new SAT, will be administered. The new SAT will feature changes in format, content, and question type, as well as returnto a pre-2005 1600 scoring system. According to College Board, these changes were made in order to more accurately reflect the skills students are learning in their classrooms, as well as to ensure greater equity in achievement across diversesocio-economic backgrounds. SAT commentators have noted that the new SAT will more closely resemble the ACT in many ways, perhaps reflecting College Board's attempt to remain competitive with the increasingly popular ACT. The current version of the SAT consists of three sections: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing, which includes an essay. Each section is scored on a scale from 200 to 800 in 10 point increments. The lowest possible composite score is a 600 total, while the highest is a 2400 total. The sections aredivided into 25, 20, or 10 minute subsections, each of which is strictly timed. The total examtime is 3 hours and 45 minutes. The actual test-taking time is longer due to time given toproctor-led instructions and three 5 minute breaks. Students register for the SAT online through their College Board accounts. It is also possible to register by mail (this method of registration is required for students under the age of 13). The cost for students in the U.S. is $54.50, while international fees vary by country. Students for whom the registration fee presents a financial obstacle may be eligible for fee waivers, which waive both the cost of the test and official score reports sent to colleges. Students with documented disabilities may also request special accommodations, the most common of which is additional time. In the U.S., the SAT is offered seven times throughout the year, in January, March (or April), May, June, October, November, and December. Technically, students may register for and take the SAT an unlimited number of times.At least half of all students take the SAT twice, with others opt to take the SAT additional times. Students may use College Board's Score Choice to report only the score reports of their choice to colleges unless the college is one of the few that don't allow Score Choice. Students are statistically likely tosee score improvements when they retake the test. SAT preparation has also been shown to lead to significant score improvementson the test. Function The SAT is meant to be a standardized assessment of the academic and reasoning skillsthat students need to succeed in college. Muchof a college application is based on local data, such asGPA and course selection. The SAT is largely used to give anational perspective to students'abilityand college readiness. Many 4-year colleges and universities in the U.S. require the SAT or ACT as part of students' applications. Admissions officers consider SAT scores alongside other aspects of a student's application, including his/her grades, extracurricular involvement, teacher and counselor recommendations, and personal essay. Schools differ in how they consider SAT scores, soit benefits students to research their colleges' policies and incorporate theminto their SAT preparation and test-taking schedules...[Read more here] Overall Structure The SAT has three main sections, Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. It tests the skills of reading comprehension, problem-solving with algebra, geometry, and probability, rules of English grammar, and expositorywriting. The main sections are divided into a total of ten subsections, which might be 10, 20, or 25 minutes in length. One of these sections is experimental, or variable, and is used to develop material for future tests and ensure scoring accuracy. The experimental section is unscored and may be Critical Reading, Math, or Writing. The SAT is allmultiple choice questions, with the exception of a 25 minute essay and ten student-produced Mathematics questions.Each section is scored on a scale from 200 to 800, with a maximum possible composite score of 2400. The entire test is 3 hours and 45 minutes, though administration is typically about 4.5 hours to include instructions and breaks...[Read more here] Critical Reading The Critical Reading section tests students' skills of reading comprehension and understanding of vocabulary. Itpresents short, long, and paired passages and asksquestions about main purpose, author perspective, and vocabulary, among otherquestiontypes. Critical Reading questions also require the ability to understand relationships within sentences and to insert appropriate vocabulary words when prompted. Critical Reading comprises 70 minutes with two 25 minute sections and one 20 minute section. It asks 48 passage-based questions and 19 sentence completions. Typical preparation for this section involves a review of literary terms, studying high level vocabulary words, and taking timed practice tests...[Read more here] Mathematics The Mathematics section of the SAT asks students to solve problems by applying or combining skills from pre-algebra, algebra, geometry, and probability. Interpretation of data from graphs and charts is also tested. Students who have taken a high school level algebra and geometry class have likely learned the requisite concepts to succeed on the SAT Math section. There are two 25 minute sections and one 20 minute section in SAT Math. In total, these sections contain 44 multiple choice and 10 student-produced questions, commonly referred to as grid-in questions. Students are allowed to use a calculator on this section, though most questions do not require complex calculations...[Read more here] Writing The Writing section targets skills of English grammar and essay writing. To succeed in this section, students must be able to identify and revise grammatical errors and improve the sequence of ideas within paragraphs. Highly scoring essays typically follow a 5 paragraph structure and support a clear point of view with well-developedand relevant examples. The Writing section consists of a 25 minute essay and 25 minute and 10 minute multiple choice sections. The essay is always the first section on the SAT, and the 10 minute multiple choice section is always last. Students receive a subscore for their essay, which counts for approximately 30% of their Writing section score. The multiple choice makes up the remaining 70%...[Read more here] SAT Question Types There are a total of 170 questions on the SAT, plus the essay. 160 of these questions are multiple choice, each with five answer choices. The other 10 are student-produced math questions, which are answered in a special section of the answer sheet.Most questions are arranged in order of increasing difficulty, with the exception of passage-based Critical Reading questions, which follow chronologically with the passage(s) to which they refer. SAT score reports show students how many questions they answered correctly and incorrectly by question type and difficulty level. Students can alsorequest College Board's Question and Answer service for an additional fee, which will give them a detailed report of how they answered each individual question on their test...[Read more here] SAT Logistics The SAT is offered seven times throughout the year, in January, March (or April), May, June, October, November, and December. The spring date, which alternatelyfalls in March or April, is not available internationally.The cost of the SAT is $54.50 and students typically register online through their College Board accounts. Students may request fee waivers if the test poses a financial barrier, as well as accommodations for documented disabilities. Additional fees apply for late registration, standby testing, registration changes, scores by telephone, or Question and Answer service. In order to report their scores to colleges, students must send official score reports through College Board. Depending on their colleges' policies, students may be able to use College Board's Score Choice option to select which score reports are sent...[Read more here] SAT Preparation SAT preparation has been shown to lead to score improvements on the test. The main methods of test preparation are self-studying from books, SAT classes, one-on-one tutoring, and, more recently, online programs (which may contain a one-on-one tutoring component). All of these approaches have strengths and weaknesses, and students benefit from choosing the method that is most effective for them....[Read more here] SAT Scoring and Percentiles Each section of the SAT is scored on a scale from 200 to 800. The minimum composite score is 600, while themaximum is 2400. Students receive one point for every correct answer, zero points for skipped answers, and a deduction of 0.25 points for wrong answers. Their raw scores areconverted to scaled scores through a process called equating, which takes into account the performance of all students who took the test on a given administration. In addition to their scaled scores, students receive a percentile ranking that compares their results with other students. Colleges rarely publicize that they requirea minimum SAT score, but they dotypically release data on the average SAT scores of accepted students. (Full article to come soon!)...[Read more here] SAT / ACT Comparisons The SAT and ACT are accepted equally by colleges as admissions tests. Historically, students on the East and West coasts took the SAT and Midwestern students took the ACT. More recently, the number of test-takers for each exam isapproximately equal. While both tests are meant to measure academic ability and college readiness, they differ in content, format, scoring, and overall structure. Students benefit from choosing the test that will help them achieve the stronger score for their college applications. (Full article to come soon!)...[Read more here] SAT History The SAT was first administered to college applicants in 1926. It was developed from an Army intelligence test used for recruitment during World War I. The SAT was initially developed in order to assess students' abilitiesregardless of social or financial background. The SAT has undergone numerous changes and revisions throughout the years, with a significant redesign set to take effect in March of 2016. The SAT has been at the center of both controversies and cheating scandals. Critics of the test maintain that it favors students from uppersocio-economic backgrounds whose parents have a high level of educational attainment. College Board maintains that the SAT is a fair standardized assessment of students' skills and college readiness, and that the redesigned SAT will further align with the content knowledge and skills students are learning within their classrooms...[Read more here]

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Basic Guide to Creating Arrays in Ruby

Basic Guide to Creating Arrays in Ruby Storing variables within variables is a common thing in Ruby and is often referred to as a data structure. There are many varieties of data structures, the most simple of which is the array. Programs often have to manage collections of variables. For example, a program that manages your calendar must have a list of the days of the week. Each day must be stored in a variable, and a list of them can be stored together in an array variable. Through that one array variable, you can access each of the days. Creating Empty Arrays You can create an empty array by creating a new Array object and storing it in a variable. This array will be empty; you must fill it with other variables to use it. This is a common way to create variables if you were to read a list of things from the keyboard or from a file. In the following example program, an empty array is created using the array command and the assignment operator. Three strings  (ordered sequences of characters) are read from the keyboard and pushed, or added to the end, of the array. #!/usr/bin/env rubyarray Array.new3.times dostr gets.chomparray.push strend Use an Array Literal to Store Known Information Another use of arrays is to store a list of things you already know when you write the program, such as the days of the week. To store the days of the week in an array, you could create an empty array and append them one by one to the array as in the previous example, but there is an easier way. You can use an array literal. In programming, a literal is a type of variable thats built into the language itself and has a special syntax to create it. For example, 3 is a numeric literal and Ruby is a string literal. An array literal is a list of variables enclosed in square brackets and separated by commas, like [ 1, 2, 3 ]. Note that any type of variables can be stored in an array, including variables of different types in the same array. The following example program creates an array containing the days of the week and prints them out. An array literal is used, and the each loop is used to print them. Note that each is not built into the Ruby language, rather its a function of the array variable. #!/usr/bin/env rubydays [ Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,Sunday]days.each do|d|puts dend Use the Index Operator to Access Individual Variables Beyond simple looping over an arrayexamining each individual variable in orderyou can also access individual variables from an array using the index operator. The index operator will take a number and retrieve a variable from the array whose position in the array matches that number. Index numbers start at zero, so the first variable in an array has an index of zero. So, for example, to retrieve the first variable from an array you can use array[0], and to retrieve the second you can use array[1]. In the following example, a list of names are stored in an array and are retrieved and printed using the index operator. The index operator can also be combined with the assignment operator to change the value of a variable in an array. #!/usr/bin/env rubynames [ Bob, Jim,Joe, Susan ]puts names[0] # Bobputs names[2] # Joe# Change Jim to Billynames[1] Billy

Monday, November 4, 2019

Job Training and Management Development Assignment

Job Training and Management Development - Assignment Example The aforementioned steps are applicable in a healthcare setting to impart new skills needed by nurses and other healthcare professionals (Guo, 2003). For instance, during training, and in the need analysis, management tells nurses about job performance skills needed, develop healthcare objectives and assess prospective training skills. Typical skills imparted to nurses during training include hands-on activities, such as handling patients with various needs. The training exercise at any stage bears the foundation for future career excellence. Ideally, it is a process of skills’ transfer, which requires management to make skills transfer easy (Belaiche, 1999). As a result, trainers in a healthcare setting maximize similarities between work situation and training situation. Contrastingly, as the name goes, management development is an activity that targets managers. Dessler (2008) defines management development as attempts to improve future or current management performance through skills, knowledge or changing management attitude. Management development is a more personalized activity and prepares managers for additional long-term job roles (Guo, 2003).In addition, management development is a process through which manager plan for, and eventually fills senior level openings. This is commonly referred to as succession planning. Management development is implemented using two methods, which include management on-the-job training, and management off-the-job training. Either way, the process’ sole aim is to improve future and current management performance. Correspondingly, management development is of particular importance to the healthcare setting. Senior healthcare professionals are involved in training to improve skills, such as employee management. They are tasked with ensuring job satisfaction and quality nurse performance, which requires patience and strategic approach to achieve.Â