Economic Equality - 994 Words

Economic Inequality The growing economic inequality in the United States is an ongoing issue and over the years has changed. According to past studies done by the US Census Bureau changes in earnings distributions have had a huge effect on this inequality. Just take a look at some of the people in the fields where you work or maybe family members work and the income inequality is very evident for many different reasons. With help of studies done by professionals and my own experiences we will pinpoint some of the ongoing issues of the reasons behind this inequality. â€Å"Structural changes in the economy which translates into differences in wage premiums paid to workers with certain skills.† Barry Bluestone paragraph 5. This research shows†¦show more content†¦When you have someone who is income wise a lot better off than someone who makes half of that then of course they will have more access too better resources and different way of managing what they have. I also think that even if you do not have many resources available to you because of the income inequality, you as a person have the opportunity to make the best out of what you do have and take small steps to rise up the ladder. There are many ways to go with such a vast subject; I found it very difficult to choose the major ones. Even with all the articles and keeping it within the studies, one has their own opinion of what caused income inequality, and me personally I think there are many to blame for the inequality standards that all American people have, and whether you are wealthy or not we are all equal. Works Cited Graham, Phillip and Steve McMillan. â€Å"The Real Causes of Income Inequality.† Wall Street Journal Online. 6 Apr. 2012. Web 28 Sept. 2012. lt;http://online.wsj.com/articlegt;. Gutman, Huck. â€Å"Economic Inequality.† Common Dreams. July 2002. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www.commondreams.orggt;. Jones, Arthur F., Jr. And Daniel Weinberg â€Å"The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: Consumers Income.† US Census Bureau. 60-204. June 2004. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. lt;http://www.census.gov/hes/income/datagt;. G. William Donhoff.Show MoreRelatedFeminism Is The Belief Of Political, Economic And Social Equality Of The Sexes833 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism by: Laura Capellà ¡n Feminism is the belief in political, economic and social equality of the sexes and is one of the leading conflicts in today s society. In the past years, women had faced many battles to fight and give these rights to women who have been deprived of their rights and privileges that were never given to them by men. I believe that every person is entitled to have equal opportunities in this world. Feminism has proven to slowly accomplishing this. Even if it meantRead MoreFeminism : The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1694 Words   |  7 PagesMicaela Castro English 2 2/29/16 Jane Eyre and Feminism Feminism is defined as the â€Å"advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men† (Oxford Dictionary). In the past century, the standards of what is considered feminism have changed. At the time Jane Eyre was published, feminism per se did not exist yet. In the Victorian Era any actions done by women that went against the norms for women for that timeRead MoreEssay on Lack of Economic Equality in Society1326 Words   |  6 Pagesstated Milton and Rose Friedman in Created Equal (280) . Economic inequalities cause poverty, this disparity fuels social conflict. This economic oppression thrives within the heart of all societies. Poverty is recognized in many forms: hunger, homelessness, being ill without the ability to seek medical attention. Poverty also includes powerlessness, lack of freedom, spurred on by lack of representation. During economic change, whether gradual or suddenly, the fallout has an Read MoreSocial And Economic Policy Decisions Impact Income Equality3504 Words   |  15 PagesSocial and economic policy decisions impact income equality, which has an effect on the health of Canadians. Those with lower incomes are directly affected while income inequality affects the health of all Canadians through weakening of social structure (Raphael, 2002). Contrary to reports of rising net worth, a new report has been released by an Ottawa-based think tank to show Canada’s inequality problem. The top 10 percent of Canadians have seen their net worth grow by 42% since 2005 to 2.1 millionRead More1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of800 Words   |  4 Pages1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of estimating growth models within the economics discipline. Early models took labor as a ‘given’ factor of production, exogenously determined by rates of population growth. There was very little coverage for exploring the human, leave alone the gender, dimensions of growth in these models (Walters, 1995). This changed with the rise of endogenous growth theory and the bigger reputation given to the accumulationRead MoreRacial Equality : Economics Vs Education876 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Equality: Economics vs Education Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade apart, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother wasRead MoreFeminism : A Woman s Equality Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1338 Words   |  6 PagesJose Romero Contemporary Composition , Period 3 Ms. Moreh 18 November 2015 Research Paper Feminism is a woman s equality of political, social, and economic equality to men. People are scared of accepting everyone as an individual human and not categorizing them as male or female. The question is if men and women are really judged equally when it comes to jobs, and the answer should be no. Women shouldn t have fewer opportunities nor get paid less than a man because they should both have equalRead MoreSocial, Political And Economic Equality Of The Sexes846 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist: the person who believes in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes.†, those are the words used to define a feminist by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The quote was later sampled by popular music artist Beyonce in her song, â€Å"Flawless†, from her self titled album. This quote and a performance of the song later caused an unforeseen backlash by some feminist. Pandemonium ensued as a result of Beyonce’s actions. Feminist debated about who can and can not call themselves a feministRead MoreGender, Political, And Economic Equality Of The Sexes1913 Words   |  8 Pages In the words of the famous Nigerian writer, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, â€Å"a feminist is a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† I believe that though some might argue that ever since women got the right to vote men and women have been equal, it simply is not so and it is evident in so many different aspects, from a parent s desire to abort a fetus when they learn the gender is female to the unequal pay in the U.S. working class between the genders. InRead MoreThe Theory Of The Political, Economic, And Social Equality1356 Words   |  6 PagesFemanism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes (feminism def. 1). Both the 1980s and 1990s were filled with optimism and inspiration for women in the fight for equality. The Second wave feminism was a product of the civil rig ht movement, as the women involved in it became disappointed with being seen as second class operators within the equality movement. These women are often refered to as the women s liberation movement. Some of the major issues

Double-Consciousness Is Like A Person Staring At A Television

Double-consciousness is like a person staring at a television screen, that person judging the actor and predicting each and every move. The actor need to unearth twoness because he or she have a true self they identify with, and a second form of consciousness that they display, because it is what others who view them expect. Authors like Nella Larsen, Sylvia Plath, and Chang-rae Lee experience their twoness through race and/or gender, and relates them to themselves. They use Du Bois’s double-consciousness in their works to exemplify their own personal struggle. The characters in their works tend to be the best kinds of actors because they are able to act by switching personas to correlate to different people and cultures. For instance,†¦show more content†¦Clare states, â€Å"I’ve often wondered why more colored girls †¦ never ‘passed’ over. It’s such a frightfully easy thing to do. If one’s the type, all that’s needed is a little nerve.† (25). Much like the earlier statement from Irene, blacks have an easier time to pass in white society because that kind of society is always pressured on blacks. White society is like a template on how to live a decent life and many people of color tend to follow it. With a As for Irene, despite her passing color she chooses not to. And in a moment of weakness Irene â€Å"was caught between two allegiances, different, yet the same.† (98) the realization of her skin finally struck her, that Irene had twoness. She easily identifies with both, but rather she is tired of the burden of being black. She can receive criticism from both parties and it dwells on her. In any case, she struggles between two worlds of black and white, much like Henry Park in Native Speaker, who struggles between the Korean and American world. Henry Park struggles with his identity as a Korean man living in America, and he is forced to act upon both roles as a Korean-American. De spite Du Bois referring to African-American when he said double-consciousness, it also can relate to people of other races and ethnicities. Park is a spy, which makes him a brilliant actor in the sense of switching between differentShow MoreRelatedHow Texting Affects Literacy in Teenagers4801 Words   |  20 Pagesexpectations,’ like expecting a fast response from a text, which can increase over-dependence and can lead to decreased satisfaction in a relationship,† (Hawkes, 2012). People have come to expect to receive information at a blazing pace, and when they are denied their expected speed of response, they can become frustrated with the other person. In addition to this, the use of text messaging can lead to a person having to maintain a number of relationships to the point where that person has no closeRead MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagescaste identity in these spaces. Gangavane says that most members of castebased groups are highly educated: Very few are only graduates — they are mostly engineers, MBAs, post-graduates and doctors. Another finding is that most are from metropolises like Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Social networking sites have the power to reproduce stifled opinions on taboo topics. People discuss things here that they cant face-to-face, he says. But social media expert Gaurav Mishra, who is the CEORead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesthe joke is on me, so to speak. I wasnt, what some would say, a confident person. I would just follow others and just do my job. The outbreak changed all that. It changed everyone, especially me. Some people got stronger due to the outbreak. Some became weaker. Being leader of the survivors? This idea would be absurd to me before the outbreak. I never wanted to be a leader. I just wanted to get by life like any other person. I didnt believe that I would make a good leader. But I was wrong. WhatRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 Pagesworkers live, a few peach trees, a church with two colored windows, and a miserable main street only a hundred yards long. On Saturdays the tenants from the near-by farms come in for a day of talk and trade. Otherwise the town is lonesome, sad, and like a place that is far off and estranged from all other places in the world. The nearest train stop is Society City, and the Greyhound and White Bus Lines use the Forks Falls Road which is three miles away. The winters here are short and raw, the summersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand Disconfirmation 246 Principles of Supportive Communication 247 Supportive Communication Is Based on Congruence, Not In congruence 247 Supportive Communication Is Descriptive, Not Evaluative 248 Supportive Communication Is Problem-oriented, Not Person-oriented 250 Supportive Communication Validates Rather than Invalidates Individuals 251 Supportive Communication Is Specific (Useful), Not Global (Nonuseful) 253 Supportive Communication Is Conjunctive, Not Disjunctive 254 Supportive Communication

Anti-Semitism and Racism in the Merchant of Venice

Anti-Semitism and racism in The Merchant Of Venice. Anti-Semitism and the desecration of the Jewish population have been in existence for nearly five thousand years. In William Shakespeares â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†, we find that one of the characters is the subject and expression of anti-Semitic attitude that is persistent in Elizabethan society. William Shakespeares â€Å"The Merchant of Venice† contains many examples that insult Jewish heritage because they were the minority in London in Shakespearean time. Although many parts of the play could be interpreted as offensive in modern times, Elizabethan audiences found them comical. The majority of Londons population at the time was anti-Semitic because there were very few Jews living†¦show more content†¦Fed with The same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject To the same diseases, healed by the same means, Warmed and cooled by the same winter and Summer, as a Christian?†. Shakespeare has created a character that the audiences feelings will change for by the minute. When the play was written the audience would have immediately disliked Shylock on the basis of his religion and occupation, however nowadays when religious prejudice is not nearly as strong we still find him an unpleasant character. One of the main things which makes him seem unpleasant is his greed and love of money. His first words are actually, Three thousand ducats; well. Later on in the first scene, when Antonio enters to talk to Shylock about lending Bassanio money, Shylock says to himself; I hate him for he is a Christian; But more for that in low simplicity He lends out money gratis, and brings down The rate of usance here with us in Venice This shows that Shylock puts his money before his religion. He says he hates Antonio because he is a Christian (and so an immediate enemy of the devout Jew) but more than that he hates him because he lends out money for no fee and so takes business away from Shylock. Antonio has detested and despised this Jew, even humiliating him publicly because of his money lending and being Jewish. Shylock believes that his profiteering is not a sin, which is contrary to the Christian belief, held by Antonio,Show MoreRelatedPrejudice, Racism and Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice2810 Words   |  12 PagesPrejudice, Racism and Anti-Semitism in William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice Throughout William Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, there is a strong theme of prejudice. Portia has to deal with prejudice against her sex, the Prince of Morocco has to deal with prejudice against his race but the character that is most discriminated against is Shylock. He is hated for being a Jew and a money-lender, but Shakespeare has not made Shylock a character easy to sympathise withRead MoreThe Merchant Of Venice By William Shakespeare2046 Words   |  9 PagesEssay Abbesath.K Throughout the education system, there seems to be an unofficial consensus that pieces of literature that are deemed â€Å"controversial† should not be taught in school. The Merchant of Venice falls into this category due to the Anti-Semitism which exists within the play making it â€Å"controversial† therefore, banned. On the contrary, this play should not be considered controversial and it should not be banned due to the learning experiences and knowledge that can be gained by readingRead MoreRacial and Cultural Prejudice Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many themes woven into the play The Merchant of Venice, Prejudice being the most evident. This prejudice is mainly racial (against race) or cultural (against lifestyle, i.e. religion, culture†¦) and is one of the leading causes of conflict in the play. Prejudice towards Jews, prejudice towards Christians, and prejudice towards people of different colour and prejudice of others with different nationalities , are all present in the play. (transition) Here come another of the tribe: a thirdRead MoreRacism And Prejudice By William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesand left out because of their religion and what they believe in, however there is racism and prejudice present in the world. William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is one of his most controversial plays. Written in the 16th century England, the play poses many questions concerning racial, religious and human differences due to anti-semitism being very common at the time. The story is set in Venice where a merchant named Antonio lived. His poor friend Bassanio wants to charm and marry a lovelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Merchant Of Venice 1918 Words   |  8 PagesPerformance Analysis of T he Merchant of Venice Jordan Thomas Mullineaux-Davis William Shakespeare has regularly throughout time been referred to and could be viewed as anti-Semitic because of the cultural implications within many of his plays. A particularly strong example of this could be The Merchant of Venice. This essay will explore arguments of post-colonialism within The Merchant of Venice, discussing the pertinent issues of anti-semitism, racial isolation and prejudice. It will also commentRead MoreDifferent Forms of Prejudice Present in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare1159 Words   |  5 PagesDifferent Forms of Prejudice Present in The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Different types of people, affected by their own views can define prejudice in many different ways. The Collins Concise Dictionary definition of prejudice is an opinion formed beforehand, especially an unfavourable one based on inadequate facts. Another definition is intolerance of or dislike for people of a specific race, religion, etc. From this, it is obvious that prejudice, althoughRead MoreIs Shylock The Villain Or Victim In The Merchant Of Venice By William Shakespeare1411 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis Shylock Is Shylock the villain or the victim in the Merchant of Venice? In the play the ‘Merchant of Venice’ by William Shakespeare the antagonist Shylock is both the victim and the villain. Shylock is a Jewish moneylender and is initially portrayed as anger filled and bloodthirsty but as the play continues we begin to see him as more human and his emotions become more evident. As the antagonist, Shylock is a fearful adversary to Antonio, the protagonist. But as good begins toRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock as rapacious and cruel is in the traditional style of an Elizabethan villain. A modern audience could argue that he has also humanised Shylock, and therefore gained some sympathy for his actions. From your reading of the â€Å"Merchant of Venice† examine these diverse reactions to the complex characterisation of Shylock. Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock is unconditionally evil, and a Read MoreEssay on Shylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1877 Words   |  8 PagesShylock in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice, a tragic- comedy written in the late 16th century by the greatest known English author, William Shakespeare. This is a tale set in the heart of Venice, amongst the Venetian Christians and Jews. The history of the Jews is marked by terrible hardship and atrocities; Jewish people kept up their customs and religion formed tight knit communities and became known for their intelligent hard workRead MoreMerchant of Venice - Modern Humanitarianism1274 Words   |  6 PagescenterbModern Humanitarianism has run riot on Shylock. Discuss./b/center br brThe Merchant of Venice is concerned with two issues that were of importance in the Elizabethan Age: Jewry and Usury. It is generally assumed that the Elizabethan attitude to Jewry was hostile and that the execution of Roderigo Lopez in 1594 was characteristic of the Christian rejection of all ‘Jews, Turks, Infidels and Heretics, who were considered to be misbelievers. But this could also be a false assumption

The Dysfunction of American Politics How the Debasement...

Despite dysfunction proliferating the workings of its institutions, the American political system continues to function as originally designed: to limit government control beyond the basic protection of liberty. At face value, the dysfunction of the American political system is guilelessly attributed to party polarization. Yet, political faction, according to James Madison, is not necessarily a bad thing. Instead, he argues in The Federalist that it is an essential and effective feature of a properly structured government. Bessette and Pitney, Jr. support the idea that â€Å"strong partisanship†¦can be healthy for deliberation and democracy† (296). In Federalist 51, Madison suggests that because of human nature’s shortcomings coupled with the†¦show more content†¦At the turn of the twentieth century, the American political system moved away from the model of a representative democracy to a direct democracy. In 1913, the sixteenth amendment to the constitut ion provided Congress the power to tax incomes, which laid the foundation for the progressive tax system. In the same year, the seventeenth constitutional amendment allowed for the direct election of senators by the constituency, rather than by Congressional appointment (Bessette and Pitney, Jr. 630). Martin Diamond describes the ancient science of politics as â€Å"[disastrously]†¦clinging to illusions regarding how men ought to be† and not â€Å"[taking] man as he actually is† and (38). In this way, Diamond highlights the age-old Federalists versus Anti-Federalist debate. The Federalists, like Madison, were realists: they took into account the shortcomings of human nature, whereas the Anti-Federalists were idealists and sought after an idyllic goal. The political paradigm of the Rubik’s cube illuminates the complex, overlapping relationship of four separate political dimensions: individuals, interests, ideas, and institutions. The four dimensions of the analysis define the relationship among the facets of politics as an operation of individuals within institutions that mediate different ideas and interests. In an analysis of the Rubik’s cube example different from the original, the individual is the core of thought, the source of interests, and the composition

Foundational Psychology and Psychiatry

Question: Discuss about the Foundational Psychology and Psychiatry. Answer: Introduction The learning process in children differs on the basis of their age and development at that age. Child development is the process of emotional, physical, intellectual and social development as they grow up. The early years of a childs life are most critical to shape their intellectual development and thought pattern (Campbell et al., 2014). Learning at this stage has a direct impact on the minds of children and it is important for primary teachers to plan teaching strategies based on developmental needs of children at different stage of life (Charlesworth, 2013). With this context, the main purpose of this report is to analyze the case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher in Singapore who is facing problem in managing children between 10-12 years in class and she wants to modify their behavior in class so that they engage in their class lessons and homework. The report analyzes the scenario by means of operant conditioning and proposes possible intervention to bring behavioral c hange in children. The thesis statement for the report is research on children between 10-12 years in Singapore and determining the suitability of the Operant Conditioning as an approach to behavioral change in this classroom. Evaluation of the scenario The report is on the case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher teaching Primary 5 students. Since she had started teaching, she has observed that the children do not participate in class discussion and often stare blankly at her when she asks them questions. In this situation she is facing challenges in managing the class. The children are inattentive in class and they do not complete their assignment and home work very often. Jane is concerned that this form of lack of participation may defeat the purpose of teaching and therefore she wants to change and modify their behavior. To modify the behavior of this children between 10-12 years of age, it is necessary to analyze the behavior of this children and their typical class room behavior in Singapore. Considering the situation of primary education in Singapore, it can be said that primary schooling in Singapore begins at the age of six. The curriculum for primary education is classified into two stages- The foundation stage- for children in Primary 1 to Primary 4 The orientation stage- for children in primary 5 to 6 In the foundation stage, teachers in Singapore focus on basic learning skill of children such as English and Mathematics. In the orientation stage, the curriculum is decided basis of academic and language ability of children (Leeds.ac.uk 2016).To facilitate better learning and development in children, it is necessary for teachers to understand the class behavior typical of children between 10-12 years. The research on class room behavior of primary school children in Singapore reveals that teachers often face problem in class as children engage in disruptive conversation and its affects their learning in class. Many teachers also revealed that they found disrespecting teachers as the most unacceptable behavior of children. Children in primary class might engage in such behavior in class because they might be finding the lesson boring or their might mind be distracted by some ideas which they share with their classmates in the middle of class (Sun Shek, 2012). However, arguing back w ith teachers refers to the family and cultural values of this children. Teachers also reported observation of behaviors like non-attentiveness, failure in completing assignment and passive engagement in class in this age group. Some children engage in physical or verbal aggression in class, while some display non-verbal communication and eating/drinking in class (Peer Fraser, 2015). Another research tried to find the reason for takes-avoidant behavior and poor academic performance in primary school children. It gave the implication that such behaviorare influenced by developmental dynamics of school children in early years of life (Metspelto et al., 2015). Jane need to identify teaching strategy based on the development and learning needs of a child at this stage. The management of classroom behavior can be done by the use of operant conditioning theory which is based on the idea that a behavior can be modified by means of reward or punishment and it can be controlled by discriminatory stimuli (Henton Iversen, 2012).. In the case scenario of Jane, the lessons in class is the discriminatory stimuli and the behavior of children that needs to be changes is the problem of inattentive behavior and class room engagement in children between 10-12 years. To modify childrens behavior according to positive and negative enforcement, it is necessary to understand the social and cognitive development of children at this stage. Children between 10-12 years of age are at the stage of early adolescence when they are just beginning to cope with hormonal changes and getting influenced by the values and belief of their parents and friends (Edelstein, Keller, Schrder, 2014). According to Piagets theory of child development, the development of children between 10-12 years comes under concrete operational stage. According to Piaget, children in this stage start solving problem on the basis of concrete events. They can engage in inductive reasoning but they struggle in deductive reasoning (Modgil, Modgil, Brown, 2013).Therefore, in case of scenario of Jane, her children in class might be attentive because they may not be able to figure out the logic behind any lesson. Hence, to modify their behavior, Jane can apply operant conditioning technique to encourage positive learning behavior in children. By this approach, Jane can make children attentive in class by positive enforcement like rewards or giving lesson according to the mind set up of children at that stage. Jane can use the following techniques of operant conditioning in the classroom to engage children in class lessons and make them attentive: Use of positive enforcement to modify behavior of children- Children may bored by monotony is the class and their behavior of inattentiveness can be modified by Jane by bringing fun in class by ways of strategies like giving candies to children on right response to answer and appreciation or clap for those students who solves class lesson faster than others. This form of tactics will influence all children and they will automatically pay attention to class to get the rewards and benefits from their teachers. Hence, by means of positive enforcement, the children will repeat good behavior of they are rewarded (Ayers, Gray, 2013). Praising children in class can also act as a means of modifying students behavior and it will encourage other children to continuously improve their learning too. Praise can be given in class by means of clapping or cheering for the children in whole class. While asking any question to children, Jane can encourage children by means of expression like great answer or great effort and then explaining the right answer. By this technique, one child will be influenced by other classmates and they will also try their best to impress their teacher in next class or lesson (Evertson Weinstein, 2013). Use of this positive approach by Jane will helps her to nurture her students in class and facilitate learning development in them. In case of giving rewards, it is also necessary to keep in mind that any rewards should not be repeated. Children in early adolescence get bored from same attractions very soon and teachers should always try to bring some new mode of rewards to sustain the good behavior in children. The type of reward can be changes from time to time such as giving extra play time, stickers, special game tickets, certificate and position of responsibility to children. The frequency and level of awards can be modified by on the basis of severity of behavior in children (Collins Cook, 2016). Use of negative enforcement to eliminate bad behaviors in classroom- Jane can modify the habit of keeping quiet and staring in classroom by issuing sanctions or punishment for such behavior. In that case, children are less likely to repeat such behavior. A consistency between awards and punishment is necessary to sustain change and enable effective learning in children (Vancraeyveldt et al., 2015). However, in case of negative behavior, Jane must ensure that she does not spoil the relationship with children by heating or raising voice on children. The humanistic approach to teaching primary school children is to keep them motivate in class by showing empathy to children and delivering classroom lessons in enthusiastic and fun manner (Shokouhi, Limberg, Armstrong, 2014). In case of children who are still and stare at teacher, Jane can positively bring their attention back to lessons by supportive strategies like standing next to the child while giving instruction or telling the child directly to do any task in front of them. Such children may panic by this approach, however use of friendly attitude and empathetic expression can help the child overcome his or her shyness or anxiety in responding to lessons (Rapport, Kofler, Alderson, 2016). Evaluation of operant conditioning theory From the analysis of teaching strategy recommended for modifying classroom behavior of children between 10-12 years, it can be said that the principle of operant conditioning theory will help Jane to bring behavioral change in the primary 5 students. The use of positive enforcers like rewards, tokens and appreciation will enable effective learning in class by means of participation and engagement of children. There are four context of operant conditioning theory such as the positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment. Positive enforcement is used to bring positive behavior and all other are used to prevent negative behavior in individual. With this approach, children will easily get attracted to lessons and take part in class discussions too. On comparison of all learning and development theories, it can be said that Skinners operant conditioning is based on behaviorism approach while the Piaget and Vygotskys cognitive development theory is based on constructivism approach. The advantage of operant conditioning theory is that use of positive enforcement acts as source to motivate children to adopt good behavior. This theory will be useful in controlling certain behavior in children and promoting their interest in learning (Gazzaniga Heatherton, 2015).On the contrary, Piaget theory believes that development in children does not occur by means of positive and negative reinforcement, but also it is achieved through observation (Scholnick, 2013).Vygotsky explains cognitive development and learning in children is achieved through interaction with knowledgeable and intellectual member in the society (Lantolf et al., 2015). Hence, this concept of operational conditioning theory is different from other theories and it has the ma ximum possibility of modifying change in behavior of children. Kohlbergs theory was an extension of Piagets moral development theory which revealed that moral development in children can occur either negatively or positively through different stages in their life span. This is similar to operant conditioning theory as this theory also deals with behavior on the basis of good or behavior. However, one disadvantage of operant conditioning theory is that this theory is not always good because a child cannot be engaged in positive behavior continuously by means of reward. The reward may extinct after some time and childs good behavior should not always be dependent on rewards. Despite this weakness, operant conditioning technique is beneficial for the case scenario of Jane, because is Jane is willing to modify behavior of those children who have low level of thinking and learning. Use of operant conditioning approach will help such children to move from level of low learning to high thinking pattern and learning. Conclusion The detailed report based on analysis of case scenario of Jane, a primary school teacher summarizes the typical classroom behavior observed in children between 10-12 years and how operant conditioning approach can be a useful approach to modify the behavior in classroom. The explanation of techniques that can be used by Jane to encourage participation of children in class revealed that this can be achieved by modifying the teaching style and providing positive enforcers to students (Kaplan Patrick, 2016). The suitability of this theory in relation to the case scenario was accurately discussed by comparison with other development theory. Reference Ayers, H., Gray, F. (2013).Classroom management: a practical approach for primary and secondary teachers. Routledge. Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., Pan, Y. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health.Science,343(6178), 1478-1485. Charlesworth, R. (2013).Understanding child development. Cengage Learning. Collins, L. W., Cook, L. (2016). Never Say Never: The Appropriate and Inappropriate Use of Praise and Feedback for Students with Learning and Behavioral Disabilities. InInstructional Practices with and without Empirical Validity(pp. 153-173). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Edelstein, W., Keller, M., Schrder, E. (2014). Child development and social structure: A longitudinal study of individual differences.Paul B. Baltes/David L. Featherman/Richard M. Lerner: Life-span development and behavior. Bd,10, 151-185. Evertson, C. M., Weinstein, C. S. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues. Routledge. Gazzaniga, M., Heatherton, T. (2015).Psychological Science: Fifth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Henton, W. W., Iversen, I. H. (2012).Classical conditioning and operant conditioning: A response pattern analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Kaplan, A., Patrick, H. (2016). Learning Environments and Motivation.Handbook of Motivation at School, 251. Lantolf, J. P., Thorne, S. L., Poehner, M. E. (2015). Sociocultural theory and second language development.Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction, 207-226. Leeds.ac.uk. (2016).A Survey of Classroom Practices in Singapore - Preliminary Findings. [online] Available at: https://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/000000327.htm [Accessed 22 Dec. 2016]. Metspelto, R. L., Pakarinen, E., Kiuru, N., Poikkeus, A. M., Lerkkanen, M. K., Nurmi, J. E. (2015). Developmental dynamics between childrens externalizing problems, task-avoidant behavior, and academic performance in early school years: A 4-year follow-up.Journal of Educational Psychology,107(1), 246. Modgil, S., Modgil, C., Brown, G. (Eds.). (2013).Jean Piaget. Routledge. Peer, J., Fraser, B. J. (2015). Sex, grade-level and stream differences in learning environment and attitudes to science in Singapore primary schools.Learning Environments Research,18(1), 143-161. Rapport, M., Kofler, M., Alderson, R. (2016). Quantifying ADHD classroom inattentiveness, its moderators, and variability.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines,49(1). Scholnick, E. K. (Ed.). (2013).New trends in conceptual representation: Challenges to Piaget's theory. Psychology Press. Shokouhi, A. M., Limberg, D., Armstrong, S. A. (2014). Counseling preadolescents: Utilizing developmental cues to guide therapeutic approaches.International Journal of Play Therapy,23(4), 217. Sun, R. C., Shek, D. T. (2012). Student classroom misbehavior: an exploratory study based on teachers' perceptions.The Scientific World Journal,2012. Vancraeyveldt, C., Verschueren, K., Wouters, S., Van Craeyevelt, S., Van den Noortgate, W., Colpin, H. (2015). Improving teacher-child relationship quality and teacher-rated behavioral adjustment amongst externalizing preschoolers: Effects of a two-component intervention.Journal of abnormal child psychology,43(2), 243-257.

Odyssey Themes Essay Example For Students

Odyssey Themes Essay When Homer wove the characters of The Odyssey into a story, he undoubtedly leftroom for interpretation of their actions. The characters, most of whom aredynamic, colorful, and three dimensional, are used by Homer to give a fun buttruthful commentary on the Ancient Greeks and their way of life. The actions ofone figure, the man-eating monster named Skylla, are particularly interestingwhen viewed in the context of the rest of the story. Though her contribution tothe plot is minor, Skyllas actions are important in that they arecharacteristic of several themes found throughout the poem. These themes includethe role of the female in Odysseuss struggle, the hunger (figuratively andliterally) of the characters in The Odyssey, and the commentary Homer makes onthe individuals who live lawlessly. In The Odyssey, Homer introduces many femalecharacters; some play significant roles, some are in the background. Regardlessof their importance, distinctions can be made as to their roles in the story: that is, some put forth effort to help Odysseus and the other menArete,Athena, Nausikaa, and Eurykleia are examplesand others (whom he encounters onhis voyages home) lead to the delay or destruction of them. Skylla plays therole of the latter, as do Kalypso, Kirke, and the Seirenes. Although none ofthese women actually harm Odysseus, each poses a deadly threat to him on hisvoyage. Odysseuss experience with Skylla is by far the most deadly anddisturbing. Whereas the other women succeed only in enticing and delaying thecrew, the encounter with Skylla has lethal consequences. Even though he decidesto take the sea route that passes near her lair, it seeming to be the leastdangerous of the three options, he wants nothing to do with the monster. Yet,instead of passing unscathed, six of his men are taken (XII, 294-7) as the boatsails through the channel. Homer uses an epic simile to help the readervisualize the macabre scene. He compares Skylla to a fisherman who willhook a fish and rip it from the surface / to dangle wriggling through theair (XII, 303-4). The crewmen are the fish, of course, and seem helplessas Skylla whisks them from the ship. Describing the attack, Odysseus says,and deathly pity ran me through / at that sightfar the worst I eversuffered, / questing the passes of the strange sea (308-10). It seems thathe realizes that the losses were his responsibility and that he too could easilyhave been a victim of Skyllas wrath. Earlier in the story (Book V) we see thatCalypso poses a similar, though not as deadly, threat to Odysseuss homecoming. Instead of literally grabbing for him as Skylla does, Kalypso tries to retainOdysseus by enticing him with the prospect of immortality and a life with abeautiful goddess. We are also told she has cast spells (198) on himto keep him docile and under her power. Kalypso says to Zeus, I fed him,loved him, sang that he should not die / nor grow old, ever, in all the days tocome (142-4). Despite her efforts and hospitality, Odysseus still longsfor home as he sits each day by the rocky shore with eyes wet scanning thebare horizon of the sea (165-6). He is quite happy when the day comes thathe is set free by Zeuss will. Without Zeuss intervention, Odysseus would havebeen kept indefinitely. Book X, which contains the introduction of Kirke,provides another example of near fatal attraction. This time it is not amonstrous woman or an overly hospitable nymph that brings them near theirdownfall, but an immortal who entrances her visitors so that they forget theirmotives. Whether or not Kirke inten ded to eat Odysseuss men, as Skylla does,after she turned them to swine we do not know, though it is certainly apossibility. What is known is their flawthey are men who fall prey to thedesires of women. This fact is admitted twice by Odysseus in lines 440 and 503and is the reason they end up feasting long / on roasts and wine, until ayear grew fat (504-5). Only after Odysseus is reminded of his homelanddoes he go to Kirke and plead for their release, to which she agrees. A point tomake is that in both cases, with Kalypso and Kirke, Odysseus plays the role ofthe mortal lover who has little resistance; and in all three cases, the femalescause only pain or delay. As already mentioned, six of Odysseuss men were takenby Skylla as their ship passed through the channel. The incident seemsparticularly gruesome as Odysseus recalls it for King Alkinoos: Then Skylla madeher strike, whisking six of my best men from the ship. I happened to glance aftat ship and oarsmen and caught sight of their arms and legs, dangling highoverhead. .She ate them as they shrieked there, in her den, in the diregrapple, reaching still for me- (XII, 294-307) In another description, Kirkesays that she is a horrible monster who hunts for dolphins, dogfish, orwhat bigger game and that Amphitrite feeds in thousands (XII,103-4). What a murderous appetite! Without a doubt Skylla would have whisked sixmore men away had she the opportunity. Though the action with Skylla isseemingly short, it is significant in that it reflects a quality found in malecharacters throughout the poema gluttonous appetite. Whether it is formaterial items or food, this is an attribute that many of the men in The Odysseypossess. Three examples of men who have great hunger for wealth and materialitems are King Alkinoos, King Menelaos, and Odysseus. All three have impressivepalaces filled with beautiful decor. Odysseus describes the palace at Phaiakiain Book VII, lines 85-140 as being breathtaking. The palace has highrooms whic h are airy and luminous, and the posts andlintel / were silver upon silver; golden handles curved on thedoors. Telemachus describes Menelaos home in a similar fashion in BookIV. He says how luminous it is / with bronze, gold, amber, silver, andivory! / This is the way the court of Zeus must be (74-7). Odysseussdesire for material wealth is reflected in his enormous estate, which is largeenough to support a large number (100+) of suitors helping themselves for years. wordsworth EssayBibliographyHomer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. 1961. Ed. Maynard Mack. NewYork: W.W. Norton Company, 1995. 219-503